Neurological and Immune Reactive Conditions Affecting Kids: The
mercury connection to
neurological pervasive developmental
disorders
(
autism, schizophrenia, dyslexia, ADD, childhood depression,
learning disabilities, OCD
) and
developmental immune
conditions
(
eczema, asthma, and allergies
)- Bernard Windham
(Ed) DAMS Intl
I. Introduction
The incidence of neurotoxic, allergic, and immune reactive
conditions such as autism, schizophrenia, ADD, dyslexia, allergies, asthma,
eczema, psoriasis, childhood diabetes, etc. have been increasing rapidly in
recent years (1,2,3,5,23,50,52,59,75,82,86,92,142). A report by the National
Research Council in 2000 found that 50% of all pregnancies in the U.S. were
resulting in prenatal or postnatal mortality, significant birth defects,
developmental disabilities or otherwise chronically unhealthy babies (3a) and
studies published in JAMA found similar trends continuing with huge increases
in childhood chronic conditions (3de). Incidence of chronic developmental
conditions in infants more than doubled between 1988 and 2006, especially
asthma, learning and behavioral problems, and obesity (3e). There has been a
similar sharp increase in developmental disabilities in Canadian children over
the last 2 decades (71), including learning disabilities and behavioral
problems, asthma and allergies, and childhood cancer. Studies have documented
that the primary cause of the increased developmental conditions are increased
toxic exposures, including increased use of vaccines with toxic and
inflammatory ingredients (50, etc.).
The U.S. Dept. Of Education indicates
that over 5 million children attending school have neurological related
disabilities reported by state agencies, other than ADD(2a). A random sample of
Oregon high school students found that over 16% had been diagnosed with
depression(75b). According to the American Academy of Pediatrics between 6 to
12 % of all school age children are affected by ADHD (4) and a similar number
have some degree of dyslexia (1). "The Centers for Disease Control
issued a new survey report that showed 5.4 million schoolchildren have been
diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD). That was
10%." In fact, "from the years 2003 to 2007, the number of kids
between four and 17 with AD/HD jumped by one million. That's a 22%
increase."(560) However large surveys of elementary level student
records find much higher levels- with over 20% of elementary school boys in
some areas being treated for ADD (75a, 560). Studies have found that long term
use of stimulant drugs commonly causes significant adverse neurological and
health effects (76), and options are available to deal with such conditions
without such adverse effects including dealing with the underlying causes.
Estimates of the percentage of children with mood or anxiety orders are as much
as 20%.
Effective Natural Treatments for ADHD
Saffron
improved ADHD symptoms as much as Ritalin
, and more beneficial to better
sleep.
6
Multiple studies show supplemental EPA/DHA from fish and algae
oils boost focus and attention in those with ADHD.3
Zinc
: Up to 30%
of ADHD kids have zinc deficiencies. Supplementing zinc reduces hyperactivity
and enhances social and behavioral function.
5
A study
found
vitamin C and EFA supplementation
significantly improved ADHD
outcomes.
7
Magnesium
aids
nervous system function. Combined with omega-3s in one study, magnesium leads
to significant ADHD symptom improvement.
9
Ginkgo Biloba
: Multiple studies show the botanical Ginkgo biloba enhances
attention an
d alleviates hyperactivity.
10
Pine Bark Extract
:
By reducing oxidative stress, pine bark extract improves focus, attention, and
behavior in those with ADHD based on studies.
12
Chamomile
: Research
indicates the chamomile herb significantly improves inattention and
hyperactivity.
13
Iron
:
Up to 30% of ADHD children have
low iron stores, which are essential for dopamine activity. Iron supplements
effectively reduce symptoms.
8
(For the many with toxic exposures, detoxification gives significant
improvement-toxic metal test, etc.)
The health effects of
toxic metals are
synergistic
with other toxic exposures such
as
pesticides
, herbicides,& other
endocrine
disrupting substances
like organochlorine compounds
, POP
s,
PAHs
, PCBs, etc. There are also
synergistic effects with the various types of parasites, bacteria, viruses to
which people have common exposures and commonly become infected when the immune
system is weakened by toxic exposures. Studies have found considerable genetic
variability in
susceptibility
to toxic metals as well. The
health effects caused to children by
pesticides and herbicides
include
birth defects, ADHD, seizures, developmental conditions, etc. While there is
considerable commonality to the health effects commonly caused by the toxic
metals, and effects are cumulative and
synergistic
with other toxic exposures,
this paper will concentrate on the health effects of elemental
mercury from amalgam fillings and toxic metals.
Most of the increase in children’s
neurological or developmental conditions have been found to be related to major
increases in brain and immune system inflammation related to increased exposure
to toxic chemicals or dietary
excitoxins
of the 4
million U.S. children born each year (598,3,1,2,22,33). At least 1 in 6 had one
of the neurological conditions previously listed (1-3). One of the main causes
of increased exposures to toxic metals such as mercury and aluminum and other
toxics is the greatly increased vaccination schedule for infants in recent
years compared to 1983 and prior (4e). Another major source of mercury exposure
is dental amalgam fillings (500,501,576). U.S. EPA has estimated that over 3
million
of these are related to lead or mercury toxicity,
with at least 25% of U.S. children getting mercury exposure at dangerous levels
(1,81,499-502).
The National Center for
Education Statistics reported that between 1990-2005 the number of children
receiving special education services (SES) rose significantly, and then, from
2004-2012, the number declined significantly. This coincided with the
introduction of Thimerosal-containing hepatitis B vaccine in 1991, and the
subsequent introduction of Thimerosal-reduced hepatitis B vaccine in the early
2000s(12d,142).
Researchers have found that the most
striking differences between autistic and normal brains were loss of the
purkinje
cell layer in the cerebellum, and also activation
of the microglia, which are cells that are central to the inflammatory
response. The inflammatory response is your body's defense against invasion,
but in autism, it seems there is an inflammatory war going on in the brains of
autistic children and adults (590,595). According to Psychology
Today:
"Other
studies have shown that autism
is possibly an autoimmune disease of some kind ... the immune system is not
only fighting external invaders or bad guys in the body, such as viruses,
bacteria, or newly-formed cancer cells, but also has started to attack
presumably healthy tissues of the body. In the evolutionary medicine paradigm,
autoimmune disorders are diseases of civilization, caused by our highly
inflammatory diets and stressful lifestyles." (590,595a)
Studies indicate that over 60,000
children are born each year with neurodevelopmental impairments due to prenatal
exposure to methyl mercury (45,46). But two other sources of mercury exposure
appear to have been more common and at higher levels than this, ethyl mercury
from vaccines (23,33) and mercury vapor from amalgam dental fillings
(81,501,13), with
Mom�s
mercury fillings being a
the
largest source of
mercury
in the fetus and a significant source of mercury in
infants(502,580). Vaccines have unacceptable levels of many toxics such as
mercury thimerosal, aluminum, formaldehyde, endotoxins, and altered strains of
viruses that cause brain i
nflammation
and
immune effects
on infants
(158,580,582,598,52,570,571,572,575,35), with some more
susceptible
to such
effects than others based on genetics and other
synergistic toxic exposures
.
Another study has found results
suggesting that
EMR radiation
such as cell
phones and cell phone towers may be another significant factor in autism (583).
The study found a significant
correlation between measured heavy metal concentrations, exposure
to EMR, and autism.
II.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), tic disorder
(TD), and hyperkinetic syndrome of childhood (attention deficit disorder
[ADD]/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]) are disorders recently
defined as
abnormal connectivity spectrum disorders
(ACSDs)
because they show a similar pattern of abnormal brain connectivity. A large
study (80a) examined whether these disorders are associated with exposure to
thimerosal, a mercury (Hg)-based preservative. On a per 25
μg
Hg basis, cases diagnosed with ASD (OR = 1.493), TD (OR = 1.428), or ADD/ADHD
(OR = 1.503) were significantly (
P
< .001) more likely than
controls to have received increased Hg exposure. Similar relationships were
observed when separated by gender. Cases diagnosed with control outcomes were
no more likely than controls to have received increased Hg exposure.
Another
similar study
evaluated
Thimerosal-containing childhood vaccines and the risk of a diagnosis
called
disturbance of emotions specific to childhood and adolescence
(ED).(80b)
Cases diagnosed with ED were significantly more likely than controls to have
received increased Hg exposure within the first month of life (odds ratio (OR)
= 1.3384), the first 2 months of life (OR = 1.3367) and the first 6 months of
life (OR = 2.37). When the data were separated by gender, similar significant
adverse effects were observed for males, but not females. On a per microgram Hg
basis, cases diagnosed with ED were significantly more likely than controls to
have received increased exposure within the first 6 months of life (OR = 1.025
per microgram Hg). Another study evaluated the hypothesis that the 1999
recommendation by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and US Public Health
Service (PHS) to reduce exposure to mercury (Hg) from Thimerosal in US vaccines
would be associated with a reduction in the long-term risk of being diagnosed
with autism (80c). Analysis of the VAERS database using logistic regression
revealed that the odds ratio (OR) for being an autism case in the VAERS
database significantly decreased with a more recent year of vaccination in
comparison to controls (OR=0.65) from 1998 to 2003. Sex-separated analyses
revealed similar significant effects for males (OR=0.62) and females (OR=0.71).
The study concluded that the risk of autism during from the late1990s to early
2000s in the US significantly decreased with reductions in Hg exposure from
Thimerosal-containing childhood vaccines, but future studies should examine
this phenomenon in other US populations. Another case-control study evaluated
automated medical records for exposure to organic-Hg from Thimerosal-containing
hepatitis B vaccines (TM-
HepB
) administered at
specific intervals in the first six-months-of-life among cases diagnosed with a
tic disorder (TD) or cerebral degeneration (CD) (80d).
TD cases were significantly more likely than controls to have
received increased organic-Hg from TM-
HepB
administered within the first month-of-life (odds ratio (OR)=1.59,
p<0.00001), first two-months-of-life (OR=1.59, p<0.00001), and first
six-months-of-life (OR=2.97, p<0.00001). Male TD cases were significantly
more likely than male controls to have received increased organic-Hg from TM-
HepB
administered within the first month-of-life (OR =1.65,
p<0.0001), first two-months-of-life (OR=1.64, p<0.0001), and first six
months-of-life (OR=2.47, p<0.05), whereas female TD were significantly more
likely than female controls to have received increased organic-Hg from TM-
HepB
administered within the first six-months-of-life
(OR=4.97, p<0.05). Similar large studies found similar results for autism
and other neurological conditions (80efghij,81,88,91,140,170, etc.
).�
A
survey
of thousands
of parents of autistic children or children with
Asperger�s
by the Autism Association found that chelation/detoxification was by far the
most effective treatment for autism and also much safer than most drug
treatments for autism spectrum conditions (110,133,205). This is consistent
with the findings of most autism treatment clinic tests that most autistic
children tested are highly mercury and metal toxic (101,100,603). Another
significant factor in some autism cases has been found to be
lyme
disease (98b).
A study at the U.S. CDC found "statistically significant
associations" between neurologic developmental disorders such as autism,
attention deficit disorder (ADD) and speech disorders with exposure to mercury
from thimerosal containing vaccines before the age of 6 months (62,80). An
analysis of the U.S. CDC VAERS database for adverse reactions from vaccines
regarding effects of the
diptheria
-tetanus-
pertusis
vaccine found that those receiving DTaP and
DTucP
vaccines with thimerosal had significantly higher rates
of autism, speech disorders, and heart arrest than those receiving
DtaP
vaccine without thimerosal, and that the rate of these
increase exponentially with dose (81). The Head of the CDC has admitted that
mercury can cause autism in
susceptible children
(130). An analysis
of the U.S. Dept. of Education report on the prevalence of various childhood
conditions among school children found that the rate of autism and speech
disorders increased with increasing levels of thimerosal exposure from vaccines
(81). Mercury has been well documented to cause birth defects, spontaneous
abortions, and neurological problems (116,502,570), so these autism related
effects are not surprising.
A follow-up study using DMSA as a chelator found that overall,
urinary mercury concentrations were significantly higher in children with
autistic spectrum disorders than in a matched control population, and that
vaccinated cases showed significantly higher urinary mercury concentrations
than vaccinated controls(81b). This is consistent with other studies that found
that those who are poor excreters of mercury are more likely to accumulate
mercury and have adverse health effects. Changes in birth procedures in
hospitals such as immediate cord clamping has also been found to be a factor in
the increase in neurological developmental problems (83). Children with autism
had significantly (2.1-fold) higher levels of mercury in baby teeth (90) and
blood (102), but similar levels of lead and similar levels of zinc. Baby teeth
are a good measure of cumulative exposure to toxic metals during fetal
development and early infancy (90). A study of environmental mercury levels in
Texas school districts
found a 61 percent increase in autism and a 43 percent
increase in special education cases for every 1,000 pounds of mercury released
into the environment(94a). A
utism prevalence diminished by 2 percent for every 10
miles of distance from a mercury source.
Another similar study found similar results and estimated
economic costs due to disability or lower IQ (94b). Fossil fuel-burning power
plants were the largest source of the widespread mercury pollution (94) but
dental amalgam was the largest source in
sewers
and a
significant source of environmental mercury in water bodies, fish, and a
significant source of air emissions, since all people with amalgams
continuously release mercury by breathing and in waste products into sewers
that has
air emissions
(95).
Children with autism also had significantly higher usage of oral
antibiotics during their first 12 months of life. Children exposed to high
levels or mercury and/or toxic metals have been found to have weakened immune
system and increased susceptibility to pathogens (500,563). Tylenol,
antibiotics, and
milk
are
documented to increase the effects of mercury (570,571, etc.).
A new survey released recently
indicates a strong correlation between rates of neurological disorders, such as
ADHD and autism, and childhood vaccinations. The survey found vaccinated boys
were two and a half times (155%) more likely to have neurological disorders
compared to their unvaccinated peers. Vaccinated boys were 224% more likely to
have Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and 61% more likely to
have
autism
(93). For
older vaccinated boys in the 11-17 age bracket, the results were even more
pronounced. Vaccinated boys were 158% more likely to have a neurological
disorder, 317% more likely to have ADHD, and 112% more likely to have autism.
Other studies have found similar results regarding a connection to vaccines and
toxic metals (92,50,131,562). Studies have also found a significant link
between food additives (food colorings and food preservatives) and ADHD
(561).
Asthma
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways,
characterized by wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, mucus
production, etc. At least 7.2% of the adult population has asthma and asthma in
children has become much more prevalent. (186) Asthma is closely tied to immune
system reactions of the humoral system, as controlled by cell signaling
cytokines. Allergic antigens bind to immune mast cells and basophils, and when
these come into contact with
IgE
antibody, a
hypersensitivity response of the immune system occurs leading to inflammation
and bronchoconstriction.
It has been suggested that infant and childhood vaccinations may
be contributing to the increasing prevalence of asthma.
[5b]
The strongest evidence in support of a possible association
between vaccination and asthma comes from a prospective study of a cohort of
children born in 1977 in Christchurch, New Zealand.
[5b]
In that study there was no evidence of asthma after 5 to 10
years of follow-up among 23 children who received neither pertussis nor oral
polio vaccine, whereas asthma developed in >20% of 1184 children who had
been vaccinated. A study of 1934 patients followed from birth to age 12 in a
general medical practice in the UK found an ~1.4-fold increased risk of asthma
associated with whole cell pertussis
vaccination.
[
5b]
An association between pertussis vaccination and asthma was
also reported in two cross-sectional surveys.
[
2b]
There are theoretical reasons to suspect a possible association of
asthma with vaccination. One possible mechanism is that vaccines or their
adjuvants may have direct
IgE
-potentiating effects.
[5c]
Another possibility is that vaccination may shift the
immunologic balance toward a more allergenic response.
[5d]
It has also been suggested that vaccination may indirectly
affect the tendency to develop allergies and perhaps asthma, by preventing
diseases in childhood, such as measles, which may protect against developing
allergic conditions later in life.
[5e]
In
the case of pertussis the disease has been suggested to increase the occurrence
of atopy and asthma, and it may be that the vaccine could have similar effects.
[5f]
Also
according to the U.S. FDA, at least
26 million have allergies, at least 17 million have asthma (1b), 15 million
have systemic eczema (82), and childhood diabetes is increasing rapidly (52,
etc.). Although Russian and U.S. studies from the 1980s found that thimerosal
was highly toxic and recommended that its use as a medical preservative should
be discontinued (70,79,88,141), its use was not discontinued. One study(60a)
found 5 times higher rate of allergy among a group vaccinated with pertussis
vaccine (DPT) as opposed to an unvaccinated group, and 3 other
studies(60bcd,141) found increased asthma, allergies, and eczema among the
vaccinated group.
Vaccines given in the first 6 months of infants commonly cause
asthma (99).
Over the last 20 years the percent of diabetes cases below 20
years old has increased from 2% to over 30%, and there was a 70% in cases
under 40 years of age between 1990 and 1998(52,50). Studies in the U.S. and
Sweden have confirmed vaccinations to be a major factor in the increased
diabetes cases (52). Currently over 16 million have diabetes (52).
DPT vaccinations have also been
linked to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS
)(
61,92,141).
DPT vaccines are mostly given at 2, 4, and 6 months of age and 85% of SIDS
cases occur during this age span. One study found babies die at a rate 8 times
the normal rate within 3 days of DPT shots(60a), while another found that among
SIDS victims 61% had DPT within the 2 previous weeks and 13% within 24 hours of
DPT vaccination (60c). According to Dr. Harris Coulter, "Crib death"
was so infrequent in the pre-vaccination era that it was not even mentioned in
the statistics, but it started to climb in the 1950s with the spread of mass
vaccination against diseases of childhood."
A monitoring study of infant breathing patterns after DPT
vaccinations showed large increases in breathing difficulties including
episodes of ceased breathing, which continued for months after DPT in some
cases (61b). Some cases of seizures after DPT were also observed. Another study
found significantly higher rates of heart arrest in those getting
DpaT
vaccines with mercury thimerosal compared to those
without (81). Prenatal exposure to mercury has also been found to predispose
animals and infants to seizures and
epilepsy
(85).
Many thousands of adverse reactions
and adverse health effects to the Gardasil HPV vaccine and many deaths
(559).
The computer records from the
National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, obtained by Gannett News Service
using the Freedom of Information Act as part of a four-month study of federal
immunization policy, reveal: Of 253 infant death cases awarded more than
$61 million by the U.S. Court of Federal Claims in the 1990s under the
compensation program, 224, or 86 percent, were attributed to vaccination with
DTP, the diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (whooping cough) shot. In these
cases, mortality was originally attributed to SIDS in 90, or 40 percent, of
them. (61g) The Vaccine Court has awarded at least nine judgments in favor
of children who have become autistic or have had serious damage
from ��vaccine (137,581). The effect of metals in vaccines on
peptides from
milk and gluten
have been
suggested as another mechanism causing apnea in infants and some SIDS cases
(24,26).
Andrew Wakefield
has published about 130-140 peer-reviewed papers looking at the mechanism and
cause of inflammatory bowel disease, and he has extensively investigated the
brain-bowel connection in the context of children with developmental disorders
such as autism. One of his studies(37a) has been highly criticized, but the
criticisms have been documented to be for political reasons rather than
science, and his study has been vindicated. A large number of
replication studies have been performed around the world, by other researchers,
confirming the curious link between brain disorders such as autism and
gastrointestinal dysfunction. For a list of more than
25 of those
studies, please see this previous article
.
"A team from the Wake Forest
University School of Medicine in North Carolina are examining 275 children with
regressive autism and bowel disease - and of the 82 tested so far, 70 prove
positive for the measles virus. Last night the team's leader, Dr Stephen
Walker, said: 'Of the handful of results we have in so far,
all are
vaccine
strain
and none are wild measles
.
'This research proves that in the gastrointestinal tract of a number of
children who have been diagnosed with regressive autism, there is evidence of
measles virus. What it means is that the study done earlier by Dr Wakefield and
published in 1998 is correct.
Of 771 total claims filed by parents from 1990 through mid-1998,
660, or 86 percent, contained assertions that DTP was the cause of death. And
43 percent were classified by medical authorities at time of death as SIDS
cases.
A second federal database tends to draw a similar connection. This
one, for the 1990s from the Food and Drug Administration, contains 460 reports
of children who died within three days of receiving shots containing DTP. Of
those 460 reports, 266 -- or 58 percent -- listed SIDS as a ``reaction.''
That database is called VAERS, for
Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. It was ordered by Congress to track
dangerous reactions to the shots all babies must receive as admission to our
society. In typical federalese, the FDA refers to death as an �adverse event''
or a �reaction.'' By law, reports of reactions to DTP and other vaccines are
supposed to be made religiously by doctors, pharmaceutical companies and public
health clinics. But former FDA commissioner David A. Kessler has estimated the
reports ``represent only a fraction of the serious adverse events'' -- perhaps
as few as 10 percent. Dr. Marcel
Salive
, chief of the
FDA's epidemiology staff, says, ``Any number you get, take with a grain of
salt.'' (61g) Some spokespersons at various government and medical institutions
have continued to deny the strong evidence that vaccines are a major factor in
autism and other conditions, however they can identify no credible evidence to
support their opinion that
I�ve
aware of. Most such
have been found to have significant connections to special interests and no
credible paper or clinical evidence has been provided to support their position
that has not been credibly debunked in Congressional Hearings and other
documentation (570,571,147,62,130,
146,�
etc.)
Vaccines contain immune adjuvants such as aluminum and mercury
thimerosal that cause stimulation and activation of the immune system
(598,580,582,570,571). Thimerosal and aluminum in vaccines have a synergistic
effect of more than doubling the effect of one alone (158). �This has been
found to cause high levels of brain inflammation with increased free radicals
and inflammatory cytokines over prolonged periods of time, as long as a year
from one vaccination. Brain inflammation has been found to be a major factor in
irritability, anxiety, depression, insomnia, and neurological conditions
including ADHD, schizophrenia, and autism(598,22a). Aluminum has also been
found to significantly increase the effects of other toxics such as mercury
through
synergistic
effects
(582,571,158).
Autistic children
have been found to have on average 3 times as much aluminum in erythrocytes as
non- autism children (571). There is new evidence supporting a link between the
aluminum hydroxide used in vaccines, and symptoms associated with Parkinson's,
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease), and Alzheimer's
(582,571).
With large numbers of vaccines being
given in recent years in rapid succession, the brain of infants becomes
increasingly overexcited and inflamed, resulting in brain damage and disruption
of brain development. Vaccine adjuvants, mercury from
mother�s
amalgam fillings (502), and dietary excitotoxins such as MSG and soy products
have all been found to be major factors in the brain inflammation causing large
numbers of developmental neurological conditions in children (158,598,580,582,
etc.).
Mercury has been found to cause an
increase in inflammatory Th2 cytokines (58,500,22). In the pancreas, the cells
responsible for insulin production can be damaged or destroyed by the chronic
high levels of cytokines, with the potential of inducing type II
diabetes
- even in
otherwise healthy individuals with no other risk factors for diabetes(52).
Mercury inhibits production of insulin and is a factor in diabetes and
hypoglycemia, with significant reductions in insulin need after replacement of
amalgam
filings
and normalizing of blood
sugar(
52,500). In addition to this mechanism, other links
between vaccines and diabetes have also been found and there
is
evidence vaccines are the number one cause of Type I
diabetes in young children (52).
The largest increase in neurological and immune conditions has
been in infants (1,2,5-7,23,4,50,81,92,142), with an increase in autism cases
to over 500,000 (1,2,23,86,142), an over 900% increase to a level of approx. 1
per 500 infants in the last decade(2ab), making it the 3rd most common chronic
childhood condition. For 1999 through 2002, the number of professionally
diagnosed in California with full syndrome autism had doubled(2e,86) and the
trend continued. There were similar increases in ADD and dyslexia to over 10
million, similar large numbers (over 10%) with childhood depression or
anxiety(75b), and over 10 % of infants- approximately 15 million in the U.S.
with systemic eczema (1,2,82).
Large numbers of studies researching
the reason for these rapid increases in infant reactive conditions implicate
earlier and higher usage of vaccines containing mercury(thimerosal) as the main
connection (2cd,12,23,30,40,80-82,88,96,97,137,140-145,170). A recent study
comparing pre and post vaccination mercury levels, found a
significant increase in both preterm and term infants after vaccination(42a),
with post vaccination mercury levels approximately 3 times higher in the
preterm infants as compared with term infants. The study found mercury
blood levels up to 23.6 ug/L and received an average dose of 16.7 ug/kg. Just
this one vaccination gave an exposure to mercury that is many times the U.S.
ATSDR adult minimum risk level (MRL) for mercury of .3/ug/kg body weight per
day (41,81).
Much research provides evidence that the use of hepatitis B
vaccines with thimerosal in newborns is very harmful(12,42b,62). The first
phase of a monkey study, published in 2009 in the journal
Neurotoxicology
,
focused on the first two weeks of life. Baby monkeys received a single vaccine
for Hepatitis B, mimicking the U.S. vaccine schedule, and were compared with
matched, unvaccinated monkeys. The vaccinated monkeys, unlike their
unvaccinated peers,
suffered the loss of many reflexes that are
critical for survival
. A large study using
longitudinal case-control design on
prospectively collected data, in the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD). Cases
diagnosed with
premature pubert
y were significantly more likely to
have received increased exposure to Hg from hepatitis B vaccines preserved with
Thimerosal given in the first month after birth (odds ratio (OR) = 1.803) and
first six months after birth (OR = 2.0955), compared to control subjects(12a).
A similar study found the same for
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (
ADHD
) (12b
).�
Three
doses of T-
HepB
exposure in comparison to no exposure
significantly increased the risk of an ADHD diagnosis using logistic regression
(adjusted odds ratio=1.980).
Obesity
among children and
adolescents in the United States has tripled since 1980, and this has become a
major public health concern(12d). A case-control study was undertaken to
evaluate exposure to organic mercury from Thimerosal-containing hepatitis B vaccines,
which were administered at specific intervals in the first 6 months of life,
among cases diagnosed with childhood obesity and controls by examining
automated medical records for children born from 1991 to 2000 who were
continuously enrolled in the Vaccine Safety Datalink database. This study found
highly significant associations as follows. Cases diagnosed with obesity were
significantly (P < 0.00001) more likely to have received greater exposure to
organic mercury from Thimerosal-containing hepatitis B vaccines administered
within the first month of life (odds ratio (OR) =1.511), or first 6 months of
life (OR = 3.795) than the controls. Similar outcomes were observed when the
overall data were separated by gender. In a dose-response manner, cases diagnosed
with obesity were significantly more likely than controls to have received
greater exposure to organic mercury from Thimerosal-containing hepatitis B
vaccines, which were administered within the first 6 months of life (OR =
1.0375 per
μg
of mercury, P < 0.00001). A similar
study found similar results for atypical autism(12g). Cases diagnosed with
atypical autism were statistically significantly more likely to have received
greater overall and dose-dependent exposures to Hg from TM-
HepB
vaccines administered within the first month of life, first two months of life,
and first six months of life than the controls. Similar phenomena were observed
when cases and controls were separated by gender. A similar study found similar
results for hyperkinetic syndrome of childhood (12e). Children diagnosed with
HKSoC
were significantly more likely to be exposed to
increased organic-Hg from TM-
HepB
doses given within
the first month (odds ratio = 1.45; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.30-1.62);
or within the first six months (odds ratio = 4.51; 95% CI = 3.04-6.71) than
controls.� CONCLUSION: The results indicate that increasing organic-Hg
exposure from TCVs heightens the risk of a
HKSoC
diagnosis. Similar studies have found similar results for
specific
delays
in development
(12f).
�
Infants receiving increased Hg doses from T-HBVs administered
within the first month, the first 2months, and the first 6months of life were
significantly more likely to be diagnosed with specific delays in development
than infants receiving no Hg doses from T-HBVs.
The National Center for
Education Statistics reported that between 1990-2005 the number of children
receiving special education services (SES) rose significantly, and then, from
2004-2012, the number declined significantly. This coincided with the introduction
of Thimerosal-containing hepatitis B vaccine in 1991, and the subsequent
introduction of Thimerosal-reduced hepatitis B vaccine in the early
2000s(12d,142). This study(12d) examined the potential relationship between
infant exposure to mercury from three doses of Thimerosal-containing hepatitis
B vaccine and the risk of boys being adversely affected (as measured by receipt
of SES). This cross-sectional study examined 1192 boys (weighted
n
=
24,537,123) 7-8 years of age (born: 1994-2007) from the combined 2001-2014
National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES). Survey logistic
regression modeling revealed that an exposed population receiving three doses
of infant Thimerosal-containing hepatitis B vaccine (weighted
n
=
11,186,579), in comparison to an unexposed population (weighted
n
=
704,254), were at an increased risk of receipt of SES. This association was
robust (crude odds ratio = 10.143,
p
= 0.0232), even when
considering covariates, such as race and socioeconomic status (adjusted odds
ratio = 9.234,
p
= 0.0259). Survey frequency modeling revealed
that receipt of SES for the population that was exposed to three doses of
Thimerosal-containing hepatitis B vaccine in infancy (12.91%) was significantly
higher than the unexposed population (1.44%) (prevalence ratio = 8.96,
p
=
0.006, prevalence attributable rate = 0.1147). It is estimated that an
additional 1.2 million boys received SES with excess education costs of about
United States (US) $180 billion associated with exposure to
Thimerosal-containing hepatitis B vaccine(12d)
.
The dozens of studies
assessing the numbers affected for
all of
the
conditions resulting estimate that the total medical costs of the damages seen
likely exceed 1 trillion dollars. Since the danger of harm from vaccinations is
generally accepted as being so large that no private insurance is available
covering those giving vaccinations, special interests convinced the U.S.
government to act as insurance exempting those providing vaccines. The
government agency covering such vaccine damages has only paid out claims in the
billions so far, but this appears to have been based on primarily political
concerns rather than science (147, 62,130,146, etc.). The actual costs
documented appear to be much higher.
It has been estimated that if all of the vaccines recommended by
the American Assoc. of Pediatrics are given and contain thimerosal, then by age
6 months an infant would have received 187 micrograms of ethyl mercury which is
more than the EPA/ATSDR health standard for organic mercury (33,41,81) and by
age 3 the typical child has received over 235 micrograms of mercury thimerosal
from vaccinations which is considerably more than Federal mercury safety
guidelines(41,81,501), in addition to significant levels from other sources for
many(23). Infants during this period have undeveloped blood brain barriers and
much of the mercury goes to the brain, resulting in significant adverse
neurological effects in those that are most
susceptible
(43,3). Neonatal
administration of the vaccine preservative, thimerosal, has been found to
produce lasting impairment of nociception [pain sense] and apparent activation
of opioid system [controls pain, reward and addictive behaviors] in rats, which
is similar to brain problems in some children with autism. The mercury load was
calculated and injected into the rats that corresponded to what infants receive
with vaccines in many countries including the U.S. (575). The
bioaccumulation in the brain and toxic effects of ethyl mercury are comparable
to that of methyl, with mercury accumulation in the brain and physical effects
actually being more extensive (79,88,89).
Researchers on autism have found and
are in agreement
that autism is primarily caused by various
disruptions in the
body�s
homeostasis that result in
a cascade of systemic problems characterized by the term
autism
. (581, etc.)
Vaccines and mercury have been found to be something that is capable of causing
such a disruption in the
body�s
homeostasis in
susceptible
individuals.
III. Mechanisms by which vaccines/mercury/toxic metals are
documented to cause Autism Spectrum conditions
1.
Brain inflammation from exposure to
excitotoxins
Brain inflammation and mitochondrial
dysfunction have been found to be a major factor in autism, and in the
sometimes-related metabolic syndrome (598,603,158,165,200,210,170,369,572,573,
etc.). Causes of
oxidative stress
and lipid
peroxidative
related
brain inflammation
that have been documented include vaccines, mercury, aluminum, excitotoxins
such as MSG, aspartame, food additives, and overconsumption of high-fructose
corn sweetener. These cause high glutamate levels in the brain and oxidative
damage �resulting in inflammation of the brain and immune system, as well as
damage to brain microglia cells and the mitochondrial DNA, high triglycerides,
metabolic syndrome, etc. (590,593) These have been found to be factors in most
chronic neurological diseases including autism and
diabetes
. Autism
treatment clinics and clinics treating metal reactivity such as
(165,101,369,100) (have found treatments that deal with these damages and
improve health of those treated (see last treatment section).
The brain has
elaborate
protective
mechanisms for regulating neurotransmitters such as glutamate, which is the
most abundant of all neurotransmitters. When these protective regulatory
mechanisms are damaged or affected, chronic neurological conditions such as
autism can result (593). Mercury and other toxic metals inhibit astrocyte
function in the brain and CNS (22,129), causing increased glutamate and calcium
related
neurotoxicity
(129,333,416,496,590,593).
Mercury and increased glutamate activate free radical forming processes like
xanthine oxidase which produce oxygen radicals and oxidative neurological
damage (142,13).
Nitric oxide related
toxicty
caused by
peroxynitrite
formed by the reaction of NO with superoxide
anions, which results in nitration of tyrosine residues in neurofilaments and
manganese Superoxide
Dimustase
(SOD) has been found
to cause inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, inhibition of the
glutamate transporter, and glutamate-induced neurotoxicity (524,521).
Mitochondrial DNA mutations or dysfunction is fairly common, found in at least
1 in every 200 people (275), and toxicity effects affect this population more
than those with less susceptibility to mitochondrial dysfunction.
These inflammatory
processes damage cell structures including DNA, mitochondria, and cell
membranes. They also activate microglia cells in the brain, which control brain
inflammation and immunity. Once activated, the microglia secrete large amounts
of neurotoxic substances such as glutamate, an excitotoxin, which adds to
inflammation and stimulates the area of the brain associated with anxiety
(590,593,598,22). Inflammation also disrupts brain neurotransmitters resulting
in reduced levels of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Some of the main
causes of such disturbances that have been documented include vaccines,
mercury, aluminum, other toxic metals, MSG, aspartame, etc.
(590,593,598,22,158,500,582,570,571,572 etc.)
Inflammation induced by vaccine
adjuvants like aluminum and mercury or by excitotoxins like MSG has been found
to play a significant role in insulin resistance (type-2 diabetes) and in high
levels of LDL cholesterol (158,590,593,597,598, etc.). Type 2 diabetes is an
epidemic among young Americans and greatly increases the incidence of heart
attack, blindness, stoke, infertility, and early death. There is
also evidence that the diet drink sweetener aspartame can cause or increase the
effects of diabetes and hypoglycemia (450,498). Iron overload has also been
found to be a cause of insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes (590,595).
Reduced levels of magnesium and zinc
are related to metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and brain inflammation
and are protective against these conditions (599,43). Mercury and cadmium
inhibiting magnesium and zinc levels as well as inhibiting glucose transfer are
other mechanisms by which mercury and toxic metals are factors in metabolic
syndrome and insulin resistance/diabetes (43,198,338,597).
Chronic
inflammation
due to metals reactivity can be a factor in many conditions
such as
psycho-neuro-immunological diseases,
Autoimmune
diseases
, Gastrointestinal
diseases, Skin diseases, Joint problems,
depression,
mood
disorders, etc. (200,210,215,35,369,382,11,190)
Metals reactivity from mercury (organic or
inorganic) or vaccine adjuvants causes significant harm at low levels of
exposure.
Common sources of metals exposure include dental amalgams,
thimerosal, vaccination preservatives, and medications. Metals and
environmental toxins negatively impact the Neuro-Endo-Immune (NEI) System,
which is comprised of the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Dysregulation
of the immune system is a very likely cause for the increases we are seeing in
hypersensitivities and/or autoimmune diseases (139,200,210,35,369,382,
AI)
.
A
study of monozygotic and dizygotic twins discordant for ASD tested
whether fetal and postnatal metal dysregulation increases ASD risk. Using
validated tooth-matrix biomarkers, they estimated pre- and post-natal exposure
profiles of essential and toxic elements. Significant divergences
were apparent in metal uptake between ASD cases and their control siblings, but
only during discrete developmental periods. Cases had reduced uptake of
essential elements manganese and zinc, and higher uptake of the neurotoxin
lead. Manganese and lead were also correlated with ASD severity and autistic
traits. The study suggests that metal toxicant uptake and essential element
deficiency during specific developmental windows increases ASD risk and
severity, supporting the hypothesis of systemic elemental dysregulation in ASD.
Using the Melisa test, metal-specific lymphocyte reactivity is
significantly reduced after metal replacement or elimination. For the
majority of thousands of patients replacing reactive metals, detoxifying, and
supporting immune systems, this has resulted in significant improvement of
health (205,210,215,35,369,382, etc.). Clinical tests involving thousands
of patients have found that the Melisa test is a reliable and useful test of
immune reactivity to metals and other toxins, and the majority of patients
improve after eliminating of reactive metals and immune support.
Genetic susceptibility
and environmental
risk factors
appear to be
involved in autism. A review found that autistic children had a higher mercury
exposure during pregnancy due to maternal dental amalgam and thimerosal-containing
immunoglobulin shots. Studies have found that many children with autism have a
decreased detoxification capacity due to
genetic polymorphism.
Subsequently, most
autistic children have significantly decreased level of reduced
glutathione. In vitro, mercury and thimerosal in levels found several days
after vaccination inhibit methionine synthetase (MS) by 50%. Normal function of
MS is crucial in biochemical steps necessary for brain development, attention
and production of glutathione, an important antioxidative and detoxifying
agent. Repetitive doses of thimerosal le results in neurobehavioral
deteriorations in autoimmune susceptible mice, increased oxidative stress and
decreased intracellular levels of glutathione in vitro. (88,573,
Autismhg
) Treatment including
avoidance of common causes of immune reactivity, detoxification and
supplementation have seen significant improvements in the majority treated (
35,200,,
205,210,369,382,573)
2.
Impairment of methionine synthase
function and impairment of folate-
depdendent
methylation.
The authors of 2 new studies of thimerosal developmental effects
(88) write: "Our studies... provide evidence that mercury, aluminum, other
heavy metals and the vaccine preservative thimerosal potently interfere with
[methionine synthase] activation and impair folate-dependent
methylation. In vitro, mercury and thimerosal in levels found several days
after vaccination
inhibit methionine
synthetase
(MS) by 50%.
Normal function of
MS is crucial in biochemical steps necessary for brain development, attention
and production of glutathione, an important antioxidative and detoxifying
agent. Mercury exposure has been found to cause oxidative damage, reactive
oxygen species, and depletion of glutathione in the brain (155,144,97
). Oxidative damage and depletion of
glutathione
have been found to be factors in neurological conditions such
as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, depression, etc. (156). Repetitive doses of
thimerosal results in neurobehavioral deteriorations in autoimmune susceptible
mice, increased oxidative stress and decreased intracellular levels of
glutathione in vitro. Subsequent to vaccination, autistic children have
significantly decreased level of reduced glutathione.
Since each of these agents has been
linked to developmental disorders, our findings suggest that impaired
methylation, particularly impaired DNA methylation in response to growth
factors, may be an important molecular mechanism leading to developmental
disorders."
Citing
Stajich
et al 2002 (J Peds) and
Pichichero
et al 2002
(Lancet), Waly(88a) et al write: "A single thimerosal-containing
vaccination produces acute
ethylmercury
blood levels
of 10-30nM..., and blood samples in 2-month-old infants, obtained 3-20 days
after vaccination, contain 3.8-20.6
nM
ethylmercury
. Our studies therefore indicate the potential
for thimerosal to cause adverse effects on [methionine synthase] activity at
concentrations well below the levels produced by individual
thimerosal-containing vaccines. A second study notes that it has been found
that those with autism generally had higher levels of exposure to mercury from
their
mother�s
amalgam fillings or other sources
prenatally (88b,50b). Another study on mice supported the autism/thimerosal
connection(88c). Many other studies have documented the vaccine/thimerosal
connection to autism (91-104,158,570,571).
Because of the evidence the FDA has completed a study and written
a letter to vaccine manufacturers asking that mercury be removed from
vaccines. The updated letter stated, "The Center for Biologics
Evaluation and Research (CBER) has completed its evaluation of the use of
thimerosal in vaccines. Our review concluded that reducing or eliminating
thimerosal from vaccines is merited (44). The letter pointed to a joint
statement by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the United States Public Health
Service in 1999, which "called for the removal of thimerosal from vaccines
as soon as possible." A Congressional Committee after holding a hearing
has also called for elimination of mercury in vaccines as soon as possible.
However, it has been documented that most children still receive high levels of
mercury in vaccines and that aluminum in vaccines have similar significant
adverse neurological effects (158,570,571, etc.).
As a
solution to high levels of aluminum in the brain, Professor Exley has suggested
that we aim to reduce the accumulation of aluminum in our brains through
everyday activities. One of the ways that Professor Exley has suggested
to help reduce the accumulation of aluminum in the body is by drinking a
silicon-rich
mineral water
. According to Exley, silicon protects the body against the
toxicity of aluminum, and by drinking a silicon-rich mineral water, his studies
have revealed that the aluminum is removed from the human body through the
excretion of urine (175).
Many thousands of parents have reported that their child got such
conditions after vaccination, and tests have confirmed high levels of mercury
and aluminum in most of those tested, along with other toxic exposures. An
additional source of thimerosal to the fetus of women who are RH negative is
the 30 micrograms in the RhoGAM shot they receive, which has been found to be a
significant factor in autism incidence (86,138). Mothers of children
with neurodevelopmental disorders, autism, or ADHD treated by 2 clinics were
compared to a set of mothers from a control group of children for
Rh-Negativity. Prior to 2002 when thimerosal use in vaccines was reduced, the
group of mothers of children with neurodevelopmental disorders or conditions
were more than 25% more likely to have Rh-Negativity than mothers of the
control group(81d). After 2002, there was no significant difference in
Rh-negativity incidence between mothers of children with ND disorders versus
controls.
Underweight infants
that get the same dose of thimerosal as other infants have also been found to
be at special risk. Many of those diagnosed with high mercury levels have also
been found to have significant improvement after mercury detoxification (23,30,40,11,35,51,205).
Thimerosal had been previously removed from similar preservative uses in eye
drops and eye medications after evidence of a connection to chronic
degenerative eye conditions.
After over 15,000
law suits
were filed in
France over adverse effects of the Hepatitis B vaccine, the French Minister of
Health ended the mandatory hepatitis B vaccination program for all school
children. Adverse effects included neurological disorders and autoimmune
disorders such as multiple sclerosis and lupus. (62) Some hospitals in the U.S.
also quit recommending certain vaccinations. Dr. Loren Koller,
Pathologist and Immunotoxicologist at the College of Veterinary Medicine,
Oregon State University, recognized that more is involved in the vaccine
effects than just
ethylmercury
. He mentions aluminum
and even the viral
agentsbeings
used as other
possibilities. This is especially important in the face of Dr. RK
Gherardi's
identification of macrophagic
myofascitis
, a condition causing profound weakness and
multiple neurological syndromes, one of which closely resembled multiple
sclerosis. Both human studies and animal studies have shown a strong causal
relationship to the aluminum hydroxide or aluminum phosphate used as a
vaccine adjuvant (158,570-572,582). More than 200 cases have been
identified in European countries and the United States and has been described
as an "emerging condition". Some of the neurological problems seen
with the use of aluminum hydroxide and aluminum phosphate in vaccines: In two
children aged 3 and 5, doctors at the All Children's Hospital in St.
Petersburg, Florida described chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, urinary
retention and other findings indicative of a generalized loss of autonomic
nervous system function (diffuse dysautonomia). The 3-year old had
developmental delay and hypotonia (loss of muscle tone). A biopsy of the
children's vaccine injection site disclosed elevated aluminum levels. In a
study of some 92 patients suffering from this emerging syndrome, eight developed
a full-blown demyelinating CNS disorder (multiple sclerosis). (584) This
included sensory and motor symptoms, visual loss, bladder dysfunction,
cerebellar signs (loss of balance and coordination) and cognitive (thinking)
and behavioral disorders.
Dr.
Gherardi
, the French physician who
first described the condition in 1998, has collected over 200 proven cases,
One-third of these developed an autoimmune disease, such as multiple sclerosis.
Of critical importance is his finding that even in the absence of obvious
autoimmune disease there is evidence of chronic immune stimulation caused by
the injected aluminum, known to be a very powerful immune adjuvant. The reason
this is so important is that there is overwhelming evidence that chronic immune
activation in the brain (activation of microglial cells in the brain) is a
major cause of damage in numerous degenerative brain disorders, from multiple
sclerosis to the classic neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease,
Parkinson's and ALS). In fact, I have presented evidence that chronic immune
activation of CNS microglia is a major cause of autism, attention deficit
disorder and Gulf War Syndrome. Dr.
Gherardi
emphasizes that once the aluminum is injected into the muscle, the immune
activation persists for years. In addition, we must consider the effect of the
aluminum that travels to the brain itself. Numerous studies have shown harmful
effects when aluminum accumulates in the brain (158,571, etc.). A growing
amount of evidence points to high brain aluminum levels as a major contributor
to Alzheimer's disease and possibly
Parkinson's disease
and
ALS
(Lou
Geherig's
disease). This may also explain the 10X increase
in Alzheimer's disease in those receiving the flu vaccine 5 years in a row.
(Dr. Hugh
Fudenberg
, Journal of Clinical
Investigation).
Investigators postulated
that early-life exposure to organic mercury (Hg) significantly increases the
risk of childhood neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs). The Vaccine Adverse Event
Reporting System database was utilized to conduct a hypothesis testing case-control
study by evaluating 3486 total adverse event reports reported following
Haemophilus
influenza type b (Hib) vaccination.
Cases of reported autism (odds ratio
(OR) = 2.75, p < 0.02), developmental delay (OR = 5.39, p < 0.01),
psychomotor disorder (OR = 2.38, p < 0.03), and neurodevelopmental disorder
in general (OR = 2.70, p < 0.001) were each significantly more likely than
their respective controls to receive Thimerosal-containing Hib vaccine than
Thimerosal-free Hib vaccine. Significant effects for neurodevelopmental
disorder in general were observed for males (OR = 2.52, p < 0.005) (140).
Clinical experience has shown that males are more affected by
toxic damage such as from vaccines (96,140, etc.). The reasons for this have
been documented.
Based on reviews, the
neurotoxicants exhibiting consistent gender‑specific effects, with exposed
males being more affected (than similarly exposed females),
were:
lead, Thimerosal/
ethylmercury
, some organochlorine
pesticides (e.g., dieldrin,
endosulfan
, and
heptachlor), and air pollution. The next group identified were neurotoxicants
exhibiting gender‑specific neurotoxic effects, with males being somewhat (but
not consistently) more affected than females: mercury vapor, polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs), and organophosphate pesticides.
�
The overall conclusion
from the studies reviewed was that the brain in males is more vulnerable to
many toxic exposures than it is in females. Evidence suggests that the reasons
for the male brain being more vulnerable include: (1) greater glutathione
availability in females; (2) greater sulfate‑based detoxification capacity in
females; (3) potentiating effects of co‑exposure to neurotoxicants and
testosterone; (4) greater neuroinflammatory response in males; (5) reduced
vulnerability to oxidative stress in females; and (6) neuroprotective effects
of female hormones (estrogen and progesterone), especially in the reduction of
inflammation and oxidative stress(96, etc.).
Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (Kawasaki syndrome) is an
autoimmune disease that manifests as a multisystemic necrotizing medium vessel
vasculitis that is largely seen in children under 5 years of age, which affects
many organs, including the skin, mucous membranes, lymph nodes, and blood
vessel walls, but the most serious effect is on the heart where it can cause
severe aneurysmal dilations in untreated children. Medical literature,
epidemiological findings, and some case reports have suggested that mercury may play
a pathogenic role (573). Several patients with Kawasaki's Disease have
presented with elevated urine mercury levels compared to matched controls. Most
symptoms and diagnostic criteria which are seen in children with acrodynia, known
to be caused by mercury, are similar to those seen in Kawasaki's Disease.
Genetic depletion of glutathione S-
transferase ,
a
susceptibility marker for Kawasaki's Disease, is known to be also a risk factor
for acrodynia and may also increase susceptibility to mercury .
Coinciding with the largest increase (1985-1990) of thimerosal (49.6% ethyl
mercury) in vaccines, routinely given to infants in the U.S. by 6 months of age
(from 75microg to 187.5microg), the rates of Kawasaki's Disease increased ten
times, and, later (1985-1997), by 20 times. Since 1990 88 cases of patients
developing Kawasaki's Disease some days after vaccination have been reported to
the Centers of Disease Control (CDC) including 19% manifesting symptoms the
same day.
Although vaccinations appear to be
the largest source of mercury in many infants, mercury has been found to be
transmitted from the mother to the fetus through the placenta and accumulate in
the fetus to higher levels than in the
mother�s
blood(50b,123). Infants of mothers who had dental work involving amalgam
during pregnancy had significantly higher levels of mercury in hair tests
(78,86). Breast milk of women who have amalgam fillings is the 1
st
or 2nd largest source of mercury in infants and young children (50b,69), but
eating a lot of fish has also been found to be a significant source
(45,41).
Cadmium and mercury
was
detected in 100% and lead in 87% of breast milk samples
from Norwegian mothers (69d). Maternal seafood intake alone explained 10% of
variance in mercury exposure, while together with amalgam fillings explained
46% of variance in Hg concentration in breast milk. For Hg concentration in
breast milk,
number of amalgam fillings
and high fish consumption were
significant predictors of mercury level.
M
ilk increases the bioavailability and retention of mercury by as
much as double(50b,68,69) and mercury is often stored in breast milk and the
fetus at much higher levels than that in the mother's tissues (50b,69).
Inorganic mercury has been shown to be excreted to milk from plasma to a higher
extent than methylmercury(123c). Mercury is transferred mainly by binding
to casein (68,24). The level of mercury in breast milk was found to be
significantly correlated with the number of amalgam fillings (69), with milk
from mothers with 7 or more fillings having levels in milk approx. 10 times
that of amalgam-free mothers. The mercury in milk sampled ranged from 0.2 to
6.9 ug/L. Prenatal mercury exposure can also developmentally damage the
metals detox system of the liver which can lead to accumulation and toxicity of
later metals exposure (50b).
A group of Chinese children with
autism were diagnosed as having mercury toxicity from eating fish as a major
factor in their conditions (162). Overall, it was estimated that the children
examined received an estimated median mercury dose of 0.40 micrograms mercury /
kilogram bodyweight / week (0.06 micrograms mercury / kilogram bodyweight /
day). This is a remarkably low dose of mercury considering that children
receiving Thimerosal-containing childhood vaccines on average received 10 to 20
micrograms mercury / kilogram bodyweight / day and the US Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) methylmercury safety limit is 0.1 micrograms mercury /
kilogram bodyweight / day), and yet these children had very serious adverse
outcomes.
A recent
study found that prenatal mercury exposures and
susceptibility factors
such
as ability to excrete mercury appear to be a major factors in those
with chronic neurological conditions like autism (86). Infants whose mothers
received prenatal Rho D
immunoglbulin
injections
containing mercury thimerosal or whose
mother�s
had
high levels of amalgam fillings had a much higher incidence of autism (138).
While the hair test levels of mercury of infants without chronic health
conditions like autism were positively correlated with the number of the
mother�s
amalgam fillings, vaccination thimerosal exposure,
and mercury from fish, the hair test levels of those with chronic neurological
conditions such as autism were much lower than the levels of controls and those
with the most severe effects had the lowest hair test levels, even though they
had high body mercury levels. This is consistent with past experience of those
treating children with autism and other chronic neurological conditions
(23). Very low levels of exposure have been found to seriously affect
relatively large groups of individuals who are immune sensitive to toxic metals
(11,35
), or
have an inability to detoxify metals due
to such as deficient
sulfoxidation
or metallothionein
function (18,36,51,205) or other inhibited enzymatic processes related to
detoxification (15-24,30) or excretion of metals (87). Those with the genetic
allele ApoE4 protein in the blood have been found to detox metals poorly and to
be much more
susceptible
to
chronic neurological conditions than those with types ApoE2 or E3(87). For
a group of 465 patients,
removal
of amalgam mercury fillings when combined with appropriate treatment
resulted in a significant symptom reduction (p<0.001) to levels reported by
healthy subjects.
3. Mercury and toxic metals
block enzymes
required to
digest milk casein and wheat gluten, resulting in dumping morphine like
substances in the blood that are neurotoxic and psychotic, as a major factor in
schizophrenia, autism, and ADHD.
A direct mechanism involving
mercury�s
inhibition of cellular enzymatic processes by
binding with the hydroxyl radical (SH) in amino acids appears to be a major
part of the connection to these allergic/immune reactive conditions
(15-23,36,47,51,98). For example mercury has been found to strongly inhibit the
activity of
xanthine oxidase
and
dipeptyl
peptidase
(DPP IV) which
are required in the digestion of the milk protein casein or wheat protein
gluten (15,16,17,19,20,500,23-26,98,105), and the same protein that is
cluster differentiation antigen 26 (CD26) which helps T lymphocyte activation.
CD26 or DPPIV is a cell surface glycoprotein that is very susceptible to
inactivation by mercury binding to its cysteinyl domain. Mercury and other
toxic metals also inhibit binding of opioid receptor agonists to opioid
receptors, while magnesium stimulates binding to opioid receptors (15). Studies
involving large samples of patients with autism, schizophrenia, or mania found
that over 90 % of those tested had high levels of the milk protein
beta-casomorphine-7 in their blood and urine and defective enzymatic processes
for digesting milk protein(24,25,27), and similarly for the corresponding
enzyme needed to digest wheat gluten(24,26). Like casein, gluten breaks
down into molecules with opioid traits, called
gluteomorphine
or gliadin. As with
caseomorphin
, it too can retain
biological activity if the enzymes needed to digest it are not functioning
properly.
Proteins in bovine milk are a common
source of bioactive peptides. The peptides are released by the digestion of
caseins and whey proteins (105). In vitro the bioactive peptide beta-
casomorphin
7 (BCM-7) is yielded by the successive
gastrointestinal proteolytic digestion of bovine beta-casein variants A1 and B,
but this was not seen in variant A2 or in
goats
milk.
In
hydrolysed
milk with variant A1 of beta-casein,
BCM-7 level is 4-fold higher than in A2 milk. Variants A1 and A2 of beta-casein
are common among many dairy cattle breeds. A1 is the most frequent in
Holstein-Friesian (0.310 to0.660), Ayrshire (0.432 to0.720) and Red (0.710)
cattle. In contrast, a high frequency of A2 is observed in Guernsey (0.880 to 0.970)
and Jersey (0.490 to 0.721) cows (105). In children with autism, most of whom
have been found to have been exposed to high levels of toxic metals through
vaccines,
mother�s
dental amalgams, or other sources;
higher levels of BCM-7 is found in the blood (24-26).
BCM-7 appears to play a significant
role in the
aetiology
of human diseases (105).
Epidemiological evidence from New Zealand claims that consumption of
beta-casein A1 is associated with higher national mortality rates from
ischaemic
heart disease. It appears that the populations
that consume milk containing high levels of beta-casein A2 have a lower
incidence of cardiovascular disease and type 1 diabetes. Beta-casomorphin-7 has
opioid properties including immunosuppression, which account for the
specificity of the relation between the consumption of some but not all
beta-casein variants and diabetes incidence. BCM-7 has also been
suggested as a possible cause of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). In
addition, neurological disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia, appear to
be associated with milk consumption and a higher level of BCM-7 (105).
The studies found
high levels of Ig A antigen specific antibodies for casein, lactalbumin and
beta-lactoglobulin and IgG and IgM for casein. Beta-casomorphine-7 is a
morphine like compound that results in neural disfunction (24,25), as well as
being a direct histamine releaser in humans and inducing skin reactions
(14,21,25c).
Similarly
many also had a
corresponding form of gluten protein with similar effects
(24,26). Elimination of milk and wheat products and sulfur foods
from the diet has been found to improve the condition(100,
28,etc.
).
A
double blind
study using a potent opiate
antagonist, naltrexone (NAL), produced significant reduction in autistic
symptomology among the 56% most responsive to opioid effects (28). The
behavioral improvements
wasaccompanied
by
alterations in the distribution of the major lymphocyte subsets, with a
significant increase in the T-helper-inducers and a significant reduction of
the T-cytotoxic-suppressors and a normalization of the CD4/CD8 ratio. Studies
have found mercury causes increased levels of the CD8 T-cytotoxic-suppressors
(29). As noted previously, such populations of patients have also been found to
have high levels of mercury and to recover after mercury detoxification
(23,11,500,30,40,100,205). As mercury levels are reduced the protein binding is
reduced and improvement in the enzymatic process occurs (500,11,96). The
neurotoxic effects of such opioid mechanisms
has
also
been found to be a factor in multiple sclerosis, and low dose naltrexone (LDN)
has been found to often be effective in reducing MS symptoms and
exerbations
(115).
Lactose Intolerance
Lactose (milk sugar), which is a
major component of milk, is a disaccharide sugar made up of the
simple sugars, glucose and galactose (132). Lactase is an enzyme
which facilitates digestion of lactose. Over 50% of non-Caucasians are lactose
intolerant, to a significant degree and about 20% of Caucasians. Infants are
most lactose tolerant but lactase activity declines dramatically over time so
that by adulthood to about 5 to 10 % of the level of infants. Only a relatively
small percentage of people retain enough lactase activity to absorb significant
amounts of lactose throughout their adult life (132). Lactose intolerance
results in undigested lactose in the intestines which often causes gas,
bloating, abdominal discomfort, and proliferation of bacteria in the
intestines. In addition to inhibiting the enzymes required to digest
milk casein
and whey,
chronic mercury exposure in animals has also been found to inhibit lactase and
glucose-6-phosphatase needed to digest lactose and other polysaccharides (19b).
Thus, chronic exposure to mercury and toxic metals also increases lactose intolerance
and digestion problems of carbohydrates in general. Digestive problems have
been found to
commonly be
improved
by reducing chronic mercury and toxic metal exposures.
Lactose intolerance can also be
alleviated to some degree by supplemental enzymes, using fermented milk
products such as yogurt or kefir, or using only small amounts of milk products
spread throughout the
day(
132).
Studies have also found heavy metals
to deplete glutathione and bind to protein-bound sulfhydryl SH groups,
resulting in inhibiting SH-containing enzymes and production of reactive oxygen
species such as superoxide ion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl
radical(
39,43,45-47, 63-65,89,97,500). In addition to
forming strong bonds with SH and other groups like
OH,NH
2,
and Cl in amino acids which interfere with basic enzymatic processes, toxic
metals exert part of their toxic effects by replacing essential metals such as
zinc at their sites in enzymes. An example of this is
mercury�s
disabling of the metallothionein protein, which is necessary for the transport
and detoxification of metals. Mercury inhibits sulfur ligands in MT
and in the case of intestinal cell membranes inactivates MT that normally bind
cuprous ions (66), thus allowing buildup of copper to toxic levels in many
and malfunction of the Zn/Cu SOD function. Another large study(51) found a high
percentage of autistic and PDD children are especially
susceptible
to metals due
to the improper functioning of their metallothionein detoxification process,
and that with proper treatment most recover or significantly improve. Mercury
has also been found to play a part in neuronal problems through blockage of the
P 450 enzymatic process (67,89). Another study found accelerated
lipofuscin deposition--consistent with oxidative injury to autistic brain in
cortical areas serving language and communication (97). Compared with controls,
children with autism had significantly higher urinary levels of lipid
peroxidation. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of potent
antioxidants--vitamin C or carnosine--significantly improved autistic behavior.
4. Mercury induced reactive oxygen
species and lipid peroxidation has been found to be a major factor in
mercury�s
neurotoxicity, along with leading to decreased
levels of glutathione peroxidation and superoxide
dismustase
(SOD) (63,89). This has been found to be a major factor in neurological and
immune damage caused by the heavy metals, including damage to mitochondria and
DNA (63,500,572), as well as chronic autoimmune conditions and diseases
(35,104,369,382,500)
Additional cellular
level enzymatic effects of
mercury�s
binding with
proteins include blockage of sulfur oxidation processes such as cysteine
dioxygenase, gamma
glutamyltranspeptidase
(GGT),
and sulfite
oxydase
, along with neurotransmitter
amino acids which have been found to be significant factors in many
autistics(18,36,47,17,100c), plus enzymatic processes involving vitamins B6 and
B12, with effects on the cytochrome-C energy processes as well. For example,
the Vitamin B6 activating enzyme, B6-kenase, is totally inhibited in the
intestine at extremely low (
nanamolar
) concentrations
(56). Epson salts (magnesium sulfate) baths, supplementation with the p5p form
of Vit B6, N-acetyl cysteine (89), and vit B12 shots are methods of dealing
with these enzymatic blockages that have been found effective by those treating
such conditions. Mercury has also been found to have adverse effects on
cellular mineral levels of calcium, magnesium, zinc, and lithium
(39,500,47,50,100c,581b). Supplementing with these minerals has also been found
to be effective in the majority of cases (39,50,100c,581b), and lithium
oratate
has even been found to cause regeneration of
neurons in damaged areas of the brain such as the hippocampus. Another of the
results of these toxic exposures and enzymatic blockages is the effect on the
liver and disfunction of the liver detoxification processes which autistic
children have been found to have (30,36,51,500,581b). All of the autistic cases
tested were found to have high toxic exposures/effects and liver detoxification
profiles outside of normal (30a).
5. Another aspect of gastrointestinal
dysfunction that is found in the majority of autism cases are intestinal
inflammation,
enterocolalitis
,
lymphondular
hyperplsia
, abnormal intestinal permeability,
or malabsorption (17,53,580). The intestinal damage also causes improper
functioning of the buffering mechanism that maintains blood PH and of enzyme
functions. Such damage to the intestines and gastrointestinal processes are
known from animal studies to be caused by mercury and other toxic metals
(54). Inorganic mercury is the predominant
excretionary
form in the intestines, whatever the source form. All forms are absorbed by the
intestines and inorganic mercury accumulates in intestinal tissues, especially
in young animals or infants (55), which are known to have poor biliary
excretion of mercury. As noted previously children in the U.S. are exposed to
high levels of mercury thimerosal, a highly toxic organic form of mercury.
Organic mercury in primate studies is found to cause
paneth
cells in the intestines to be enlarged and packed with
secretionary
granules (57). This is also common in autistic children (17c).
Along with these blockages of
cellular enzymatic processes, mercury has been found to cause additional
neurological and immune system effects in many through immune/autoimmune
reactions (11,12,35,104). Mercury (32b,500) as well as thimerosal(31,32a), aluminum(32c,158),
and other toxic metals (50) also have direct neurotoxic effects on brain
nucleoid binding proteins through their effect on Ca2+ATPase and Na+/
K+ATPase
activity. But the effects on the neurological and
immune systems of exposure to various toxic substances such as toxic metals and
environmental pollutants has also been found to have additive or
synergistic effects
and to be a
factor in increasing eczema, allergies, asthma, delayed food allergies, and
sensitivity to other lesser allergens(14,500,582,35,50). Most of the children
tested for toxic exposures have found high or reactive levels of other toxic
metals, and organochlorine compounds (30,40,11,12,35,48). Other than the
organochlorines or toxic metals which are discussed later, three common
pollutants that have been documented to have effects on such conditions are
traffic and industrial pollutants nitrogen oxide, power plant residual oil fly
ash, and organochlorine pollutants (48).
Mercury has also
been found to cause reduced
acetylycholine
levels
(77) and to be a factor in autism. When the author succeeded in
removing excessive metal deposits using cilantro and upregulation techniques,
he found Acetylcholine suddenly increased towards a normal level, short-term
memory, the ability to concentrate and think clearly improved significantly;
and often those who had abnormal or anti-social and irritable behavior returned
to more acceptable behavior.
Another effect of mercury and toxic metals is a reduction in B-
lymphocytes (37,38,50,500). Many
studies(
37,580)
dealing with autistic patients and further work with such patients has found
toxic metal exposure causes a tendency to be more seriously affected by viruses
and to develop intestinal disorders including leaky gut, lymphoid modular
hyperplasia, and a high incidence of parasites. Gut disease with
inflammation has become increasingly evident in
autism(
37).
Enterocolitis and
lymphonodular
hyperplasia are found
in nearly 90% of regressed autistic children (37d). Widespread inflammatory
changes with poor intestinal digestive enzyme activity, abnormal intestinal
permeability, and malabsorption have been reported in various autistic
subgroups(37e,580). Studies have found that mercury has similar effects on
animals (37b,42).
6.
A mechanism by which vaccines such as
MMR trigger autism by causing a loss of homeostasis between the amino
acids glycine and glutamate has been demonstrated (137,581). Also, mercury
exposure has been shown to disrupt immune system homeostasis making the systems
more susceptible to infectious agents such as measles virus and other viruses
(22,598).
The stabilizer in MMR
and a few other vaccines is hydrolyzed gelatin; a substance that is
approximately 21% glycine. It appears that, based on studies, that the use of
that form of glycine triggers an imbalance between the amino acid
neurotransmitters responsible for the absorption rate of certain classes of
cells throughout the body. It is that wide-spread disruption that apparently
results in the systemic problems that encompass the mind and the body
characterized in today's 'classic' autism." The authors also added,
"The use of our model indicates each of the disorders within Autism
Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is attributable to different disruptions in
homeostasis.
6.
Autoimmunity
Metals by binding to SH radicals in proteins
and other such groups can cause
autoimmunity
by modifying
proteins which via T-cells activate B-cells that target the altered proteins
inducing autoimmunity as well as causing aberrant MHC II expression on altered
target cells(72). Studies have found that various protein related disorders such
as misfolded proteins are found in some autism cases(596b). The
mechanisms
by which
mercury and other toxics or allergens cause protein abnormalities have been
discussed throughout this paper.
Studies have also
found mercury, aluminum, and lead cause autoantibodies to neuronal proteins,
neurofilaments, and myelin basic protein (73,74,104,158,571). While zinc
binding with MBP stabilizes the association with brain myelin, mercury and
cadmium have been found to interfere with zinc binding to MBP and thus cause
disfunction and
autoimmunities
(74). Dr.
Stejskal (11) recently began testing children with autism. Her preliminary
results on 18 autistic children and 11 controls, found that 5 of 18 autistic
children had a positive proliferative ("allergic") response on MELISA
to Thimerosal, vs. 1/11 controls. Similar results were recently found for
methyl mercury (6/10 autistics vs 0/11 controls) and inorganic mercury (6/18
autistics, vs 0/11 controls). Most importantly, 13/16 autistics tested positive
for reactivity to the mercury-MBP vs. only 3/10 controls. The mercury-MBP
reactivity is presumed to be caused by the mercury reconfiguring the
three-dimensional MBP, to which the body generates the allergic (autoimmune)
response. In another study a significant percentage of children with
autism developed anti-SK, anti-gliadin and anti-casein peptides and anti-ethyl
mercury antibodies, concomitant with the appearance of anti-CD26 and anti-CD69
autoantibodies (89). These antibodies are synthesized as a result of SK,
gliadin, casein and ethyl mercury binding to CD26 and CD69, indicating that
they are specific. The study found that bacterial antigens (SK), dietary
peptides (gliadin, casein) and Thimerosal (ethyl mercury) in individuals with
pre-disposing HLA molecules, bind to CD26 or CD69 and induce antibodies against
these molecules. Immune mechanisms are thus seen to be a major factor in
neurotoxicity of metals seen in conditions such as autism and ADD (112,63,72-74).
8. Parathyroid Hypertensive Factor
(PHF) is produced by the parathyroid gland and is measurable by the University
of Alberta. Preliminary PHF determinations on over 100 patients through the
Pfieffer
Treatment Center have revealed very high levels
for autistic patients. Heavy metals are known to block calcium L-channels at
the cell membrane, whereas PHF is known to open calcium L-channels [84a] and
stimulate phosphodiesterase [84b]. Calcium L-channels perform numerous
functions, including initiation of transcriptional events which support
learning, memory and endocrine secretion. Mercury inhibits L-channels at
micromolar concentration [84c] in an irreversible manner in hippocampal
neurons. Hypothetically, elevated PHF may serve to at least partially compensate
Hg-inhibition of L-channels. Mercury is also a potent inhibitor of cAMP [84d],
cellular levels of which presumably further decrease with PHF-stimulation of
phosphodiesterase. Thus, in the context of mercury toxicity, PHF may play both
adaptive and maladaptive roles. The very mechanism of mercury-induced
auto-immune disease in mercury-sensitive rats is related to L-channel
signaling. This process involves induction of interleukin-4 gene expression,
which is mediated by protein kinase C-dependent calcium influx through
L-channels [84e]. PHF hypothetically may affect the auto-immune response
9. An
IRB approved study
assessing
urinary levels of porphyrins found an apparent dose-response effect between
autism severity and increased urinary coproporphyrins (91). For patients with
non-chelated autism (83% had levels > 2 SD above the control mean) and for
children with non-chelated
AutismSpectrumDisorders
(58% had levels > 2 SD above the control mean), but for patients with
non-chelated pervasive developmental delay-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) or
Asperger's disorder (46% had levels > 2 SD above the control mean). Each
group of ASDs had significantly increased median coproporphyrin levels versus
controls. A significant increase (1.7-fold) in median coproporphyrin levels was
observed among non-chelated ASD patients versus chelated ASD patients. Mercury
toxicity was found to be associated with elevations in urinary coproporphyrin (
cP
),
pentacarboxyporphyrin
(5cxP), and
precoproporphyrin
(
prcP
)
(also known as keto-
isocoproporphyrin
) levels. Two
cohorts of autistic patients in the United States and France each had urine porphyrin
levels associated with mercury toxicity. Another study using chelation therapy
on a group of autistic patients found significant improvement during the study
period (96).
Following up other studies showing
higher than normal androgen levels in most autistic patients, a study found
increased androgen levels in virtually all of a group of autistics. Morning
blood samples collected following an overnight fast, compared to the pertinent
reference means, showed significantly increased relative mean levels for: serum
testosterone (158%), serum free testosterone (214%), percent free testosterone
(121%), DHEA (192%), and androstenedione (173%). A medical hypothesis has
suggested that some autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) may result from
interactions between the methionine cycle-
transsulfuration
and androgen pathways following exposure to mercury. A study following
treatment including chelation using DMSA and Lupron brought significant
improvement in the majority of patients (96).
A significant
(p<0.01) overall improvement from the 70-79th percentile of severity at
baseline to the 40-49th percentile of severity at the end of the study was
observed for patients treated for a median of approximately 4 months.
Significant improvements in sociability, cognitive awareness, behavior, and
clinical symptoms/behaviors of hyperandrogenemia were also observed.
Significant decreases in blood androgens and increases in urinary heavy metal
concentrations were observed. Minimal drug adverse effects were found.
10. Another disorder caused by
metals/vaccine exposure is
pyrroluria
, which about
50% of autistic and Schizophrenic children have been found to have. (585)
IV. Hypothyroidism during pregnancy as cause of developmental
delays, reduced IQs, and autism- the mercury and toxic metal connection.
Studies have documented that mercury
causes hypothyroidism (150,84,390,407), damage of thyroid
RNA(
458), autoimmune thyroiditis (369,382,191), and
impairment of conversion of thyroid T4 hormone to the active T3 form
(369,382,390,407,150d). These studies and clinical experience indicate that
mercury and toxic metal exposures appear to be the most common cause of
hypothyroidism and the majority treated by metals detoxification recover or
significantly improve (503,205).
The estimated prevalence of hypothyroidism
from a large federal health survey, NHANES III, was 4.6%, but the incidence was
twice as high for women as for men and many with sub clinical hypothyroidism
are not aware of their condition(113a). Another large study(113b) found that
11.7% tested had abnormal thyroid TSH levels with 9.5% being hypothyroid and
2.1% hyperthyroid. According to survey tests, 8 to 10 % of untreated women were
found to have thyroid imbalances so the actual level of hypothyroidism is
higher than commonly recognized (508). Even larger percentages of women
had elevated levels of antithyroglobulin(anti-TG) or antithyroid peroxidase
antibody(anti-TP). Tests have found approx. 30% of pregnant women to have low
free T4 in the first trimester(509b).
Thyroid hormones are of primary
importance for the perinatal development of the central nervous system, and for
normal function of the adult brain (109a). Hypothyroidism of the adults causes
most frequently dementia and depression. Nearly all the hyperthyroid patients
show minor psychiatric signs, and sometimes psychosis, dementia, confusion
state, depression, apathetic thyrotoxicosis, thyrotoxic crisis, seizures,
pyramidal signs, or chorea occur(109a). These hormones primarily regulate the
transcription of specific target genes. They increase the cortical
serotonergic
neurotransmission, and
play an
important role in regulating central noradrenergic and GABA function.
Studies indicate that slight thyroid
deficiency/imbalance (sub clinical) during the perinatal period can result in
delayed neuropsychological development in neonate and child or permanent
neuropsychiatric damage in the developing fetus or autism or mental retardation
(109,509,511). Low first trimester levels of free T4 and positive levels of
anti-TP antibodies in the mother during pregnancy have been found to result in
significantly reduced IQs (509a-e) and causes psychomotor deficits(509f). Women
with the highest levels of thyroid-stimulating-
hormone(
TSH)
and lowest free levels of thyroxin 17 weeks into their pregnancies were
significantly more likely to have children who tested at least one standard
deviation below normal on an IQ test taken at age 8(509a). Based on study
findings, maternal hypothyroidism appears to play a role in at least 15% of
children whose IQs are more than 1 standard deviation below the mean, millions
of children. Overt autoimmune thyroiditis is preceded by a rise in levels
of thyroid peroxidase antibodies. "Collectively, reports show that 30-60%
of women positive for TPO antibodies in pregnancy develop postpartum
thyroiditis," the researchers point out (561,108), calling it "a
strong association." Without treatment, many of the women with thyroiditis
go on to develop overt clinical hypothyroidism as they age and, eventually,
associated complications such as cardiovascular disease. About 7.5% of pregnant
women develop thyroiditis after birth (108). Studies have also
established a connection between maternal thyroid disease and babies born with
heart defects (509h).
Infants of women with
hypothyroxinemia at 12 weeks' gestation had significantly lower scores on the
Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale orientation index compared with
subjects(109b). Regression analysis showed that first-trimester maternal free
thyroid hormone T4 was a significant predictor of orientation scores. This
study confirmed that maternal hypothyroxinemia constitutes a serious risk
factor for neurodevelopmental difficulties that can be identified in neonates
as young as 3 weeks of age.
Mercury (especially mercury vapor from dental amalgam or organic
mercury)
rapidly crosses
the blood brain barrier
and is stored preferentially in the pituitary gland,
thyroid gland, hypothalamus, and occipital cortex in direct proportion to the
number and extent of dental amalgam surfaces (114,119,185,199,273,274,407), and
likewise rapidly crosses the placenta and accumulates in the fetus including
the fetal brain and hormone glands at levels commonly higher than the level in
the mother(120,122-127). Milk from mothers with 7 or more mercury
amalgam dental fillings was found to have levels of mercury approximately 10 times
that of amalgam free mothers (1500). The milk sampled ranged from 0.2 to 57
ug/L. In a population of German women, the concentration of mercury in early
breast milk ranged from 0.2 to 20.3 ug/L (126). A Japanese study found that the
average mercury level in samples tested increased 60% between 1980 and
1990[125]. The study found that prenatal Hg exposure is correlated with lower
scores in neurodevelopmental screening, but more so in the linguistic pathway
(125). The level of mercury in umbilical cord blood, meconium, and placenta is
usually higher than that in mother's blood [123-125].
Alterations of cortical neuronal migration and cerebellar Purkinje
cells have been observed in autism. Neuronal migration, via reelin regulation,
requires triiodothyronine (T3) produced by deiodination of thyroxine (T4) by
fetal brain deiodinases (407). Experimental animal models have shown that
transient intrauterine deficits of thyroid hormones (as brief as 3 days) result
in permanent alterations of cerebral cortical architecture reminiscent of those
observed in brains of patients with autism. Early maternal hypothyroxinemia
resulting in low T3 in the fetal brain during the period of neuronal cell
migration (weeks 8-12 of pregnancy) may produce morphological brain changes
leading to autism. Insufficient dietary iodine intake and a number of
environmental antithyroid and goitrogenic agents can affect maternal thyroid
function during pregnancy.
Mercury can have significant effects
on thyroid function even though the main hormone levels remain in the normal
range, so the usual thyroid tests are not adequate in such cases. Prenatal
methylmercury exposure severely affects the activity of selenoenzymes,
including glutathione peroxidase (
GPx
) and
5-iodothyronine
deiodinases(
5-Di and 5'-DI) in
the fetal brain, even though thyroxine(T4) levels are normal(390e).
Gpx
activity is severely inhibited, while 5-DI levels are
decreased and 5'-DI increased in the fetal brain, similar to hypothyroidism.
Thus, normal thyroid tests will not pick up this condition.
Mercury reduces the bloods ability to
transport oxygen to fetus and transport of essential nutrients including amino
acids, glucose, magnesium, zinc and Vit B12 (143,196,198,263,264,338, 339,427);
depresses enzyme
isocitric
dehydrogenase (ICD) in
fetus, causes reduced iodine uptake, autoimmune thyroiditis, &
hypothyroidism. (150,191,212,222,369,382,407,135). Because of the evidence
of widespread effects on infants, the American Assoc. of Clinical
Endocrinologists advises that all women considering becoming pregnant should
get a serum thyrotropin test so that hypothyroidism can be diagnosed and
treated early(558,17b). Since mercury and toxic metals are common causes of
hypothyroidism, another test that should be considered is a hair element test
for mercury or toxic metal exposures and essential mineral imbalances.
An ecological study in Texas has correlated higher rates of autism
in school districts affected by large environmental releases of mercury from
industrial sources.
In addition to
large numbers of cases affecting infants, allergic contact eczema is the most
frequent occupational disease (1,500,82); and the most common cause of contact
eczema is exposure to toxic metals (1, 6-12,500). The metals most commonly
causing allergic immune reactivity are nickel, mercury, chromium, cobalt, and
palladium (1,6-14,500). The highest level of sensitization is to Infants, who
are most reactive to thimerosal, a form of mercury that has been used as a
preservative in vaccines and eye
drops(
6,7). Many
with immune reactive conditions like eczema and psoriasis recover after tests
and treatment for the cause of the immune reactivity (11,500).
V.
Conclusion and
Treatments
There has been strong suggestive and
clinical evidence for a connection between toxic metals and autism spectrum
conditions(2bcd,15-40,50,92,103,603) and recent studies using government
databases have confirmed the connection (80,91,92). There also appear to be
subgroups of exposure and symptom patterns among the many different types of
persuasive developmental disorders (PDD) including autism,
Asperger�s
syndrome, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), dyslexia, ADD/ADHD, learning
disabilities, childhood depression, etc.
Some of the apparent subgroups of
autism include: the group with blocked enzymatic processes needed to
properly
digest casein and
gluten
, a group related to blockage by toxic metals of methionine
synthase function, a group related to
mother�s
hypothyroid
condition
during the first trimester of pregnancy(due to metals
effects), a group of general brain-related
encephalies
and/or immune effects of toxic exposures(23), the Singh subgroup of autoimmune
reactions to brain myelin sheath or other autoimmunity (112), the reduced B
lymphocyte/MMR subgroup with intestinal leaky gut and/or involvement of measles
virus(37,581), and the
Megson
/DPT visual abnormality
related group(49). Since most children have been found to have high levels of
toxic exposure, most of those affected appear to have symptoms related to both
the first subgroup plus often one or more of the other exposures/subgroups. The
Megson
group are often helped significantly by
treatment with Vitamin A from cod liver oil(581b) and
urocholine
.
Thousands of autistic children are being treated for metals toxicity using
chelation protocols after tests have documented high exposures to mercury and
other toxic metals, and the majority have shown significant improvement
(23,40,51,81,96,100,133,205). In a large survey of parents of autistic children
by the Autism Research Institute of treatment success in treating autism,
chelation/detoxification with nutritional support was found to be by far the
most effective and least harmful treatment of all treatments surveyed, with
over 73% of those using chelation protocol improving significantly after
treatment (100). Autism treatment clinics testing and treating autism usually
find high toxic metal body burdens and successful cognitive and behavioral
treatment results as toxic metal body burden declines and metabolic imbalances
are improved (101,133,205,603). Most of those using chelation/nutrition
protocol recovered or significantly improved and are doing well in
school.
Most children with
autism have been found to have gastrointestinal damage and
leaky gut
, as well as damaged
enzymatic process and damaged systems that control blood PH. This results in
digestive dysfunction, inability to absorb minerals and nutrients, nutritional
deficiencies, damage to autonomic nervous system, and neurological and
behavioral problems. Supplements to deal with these nutritional deficiencies
and imbalances are needed to alleviate these problems. These problems also
cause proliferation of unfriendly bacteria, yeast, and parasites (580,603), for
which supplementation with probiotics and Saccharomyces
boulardii
yeast are helpful. Treatment is complicated and individual, usually requiring
detoxification as well as protocols to deal with the dysfunctional
gastrointestinal, immune, and hormone systems (205,580). Lists of doctors with
experience at successfully treating these problems can be found at the Autism
Research Institute website:
www.autism.com/ari/
. Some deficiencies usually found
include sulfates, magnesium, zinc, essential fatty acids, vit A, vit E,
selenium, etc. (580). Supplementation for these and other essential minerals
and nutrients are needed due to the dysfunctional digestive systems. A large
double-blind study of autistic patients found a nutritional approach using 400
mg carnosine, 50 IU vit E, and 5 mg of zinc two times per day to be highly
beneficial (580). Large numbers of autistic children have shown significant
improvement after detoxification and biomedical nutritional treatment
(100,133,603). A program found to significantly improve most children with
with
autism spectrum conditions including ADHD is Brain
Balance (163). Information on low budget ABA (Applied Behavioral Analysis) can
be found at: (600). Properly formulated nutritional treatments have also
been found to be effective in treating ADHD and depression (522,205).
A large survey of
thousands of parents of autistic children by Autism Research Institute asked
parents to rate the effectiveness of many medical and non-medical diet and
supplements options (100).� The
parent�s
survey
results indicated that
mercury/metals detox(chelation)
was by
far the most effective medical treatment with 74% of parents saying their child
improved.
Hyperbaric Oxygen
treatment had 65% improved. The
3rd
most effective treatment was the
anti-fungal
Diflucan at 62%
improved. The other most effective measures were dietary or
nutritional.
Vitamin B12
(
subcut
) with 72%
improved,
food allergy treatment
at 67% improved,
digestive
enzymes
at 62% improved, CLO supplement had 55%
improved.�� Special Diet results were:
Gluten- /Casein- Free Diet
69%
improved;
Candida Diet
58% improved;
Feingold Diet
58%
improved;
Removed Milk Products
/Dairy 55% improved;
Remove
Wheat 55
% improved;
Removed Sugar
52%
improved. �Other clinics such as a Baton Rouge Autism Clinic also found a
common mercury/metals connection in autism and that detox/chelation after
appropriate testing was usually helpful (101), similar regarding supplements
that help and diet (165).� The Rossignol Medical Center(165b) found
mitochondrial dysfunction in many autism cases and found that low pressure HBOT
treatment with proper oxidative stress support along with carnitine and a
milk-free diet to be helpful in such cases- see article. The center has also
found(165a) the core problems often related to autism include toxicity (heavy
metals, pesticides); inflammation; oxidative stress, impaired glutathione
production; and impaired mitochondrial function. In addition to a gluten/casein
free diet, avoiding food additives, food allergy testing, see Table 1 in
article for immune support supplementation guidelines.� The center also
found many cases with folate and B vitamin deficiency, with
folinic
acid, vit B12, etc. used to normalize 5-MTHF levels which are often found
abnormal in autism.��
Physical activity has been found to
help kids who may be restless or hyperactive, or who have been
diagnosed with
ADHD
. Even emotional disturbances can be improved with exercise, as
the activity provides an outlet for their energy and reduces the natural
inclination of children to �act
out.�
Use of exercise
therapy along with Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) were found to have
significant benefits (574). Exercise at school was also found to significantly
increase reading and math ability of students, in addition to helping control
obesity.
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