Neurological Effects
of Mercury & Toxic Metal Exposure
B. Windham (Ed.) 2023
I. Introduction
There has been a huge increase in the incidence of degenerative
neurological conditions in virtually all Western countries over the last
2 decades (574,580,598).
Neurodegenerative Conditions
are
increasing due to increased inflammation from
vaccinations
and
excitotoxicity
(12b). Much of the damage occurs during brain development which occurs in
pregnancy or the first 2 years after birth. Increased glutamate outside neuron
cells is a factor in such, triggering excitotoxicity and death of neuron cells.
Inflammation from toxic exposures such as toxic metals and pesticides is also a
common cause of such damage.
Inflammation caused by vaccines or
other sources can trigger microglial priming which causes microglia and
macrophages to secrete high levels of inflammatory cytokines which damage
neurons(12b). Riboflavin or Thiamin deficiency can be a factor in neurodegeneration
& is beneficial(12b): (R5P& B1);
L-Carnitine (12a) was protective
of damage by low oxygen and impaired blood flow, as well as reducing Autism
& ADHD. L-Carnitine (12a) was protective of damage by low oxygen and
impaired blood flow, as well as reducing Autism & ADHD.
Toxic
metals such as mercury, lead, cadmium, etc. have been documented to be
neurotoxic, and according to U.S. Government agencies to cause
adverse health effects and learning disabilities to millions in the U.S. each
year, especially
children
and the elderly(160,105,27d).The
health effects of toxic metals are
synergistic
with other toxic exposures such
as
pesticides
, herbicides,& other
endocrine
disrupting substances
like organochlorine compounds
,
POP
s,
PAHs
, PCBs, etc. There
are also synergistic effects with the various types of parasites, bacteria,
viruses to which people have common exposures and commonly become infected when
the immune system is weakened by toxic exposures (485,469b,470,581). Studies have
found considerable genetic variability in
susceptibility
to toxic metals
as well. While there is considerable commonality to the health
effects commonly caused by these toxic metals, and effects are cumulative
and
synergistic
in many cases,
this paper will concentrate on the health effects of elemental
mercury from amalgam fillings. Toxic exposures are common, since the Food
System is highly contaminated with
Toxic
Metals
,
Pesticides
,
Forever Chemicals (PFAS, etc
.),
Microplastics
, etc.
Mercury amalgam
dental fillings have been found to be the
largest source of both inorganic and methyl
mercury
in
most who have several amalgam fillings. Those with several amalgam
fillings have been found by hundreds of thousands of medical lab tests to have
mercury exposure levels approximately 10 times the average level of those
without amalgam, and saliva and excretion levels decline 90% after amalgam
replacement.
Clinical
experience has identified some of the factors that cause mercury to accumulate
in various areas of the body (581). These include past physical
trauma to an area, inflammation, food allergies, Geopathic Stress, scars and
dental trauma, structural abnormalities, biochemical deficiencies such as zinc,
environmental toxicity, and unresolved psychological problems
.
Dozens of
health conditions have been traced back to the influence of gut microbes,
including obesity, depression, chronic fatigue syndrome, Parkinson’s, allergies
and cancer.
Recent research shows gut microbes control antitumor immune
responses in your liver, and that antibiotics can alter the composition of
immune cells in your liver, triggering tumor growth.
Certain gut bacteria promote inflammation, which is an
underlying factor in virtually all cancers and chronic diseases, whereas others
quell it.
Targeting the gut microbiome could be a real game-changer in the
fight against disease.
II.
Neurological Effects of Mercury and Toxic Metals
Studies
have found that mercury is neurotoxic (kills or damages brain cells and nerve
cells) (19,27,34,36,43,69,70,147,148,175,207,211,258,273,
291,295,327,329,301,303,305,395/39,262, 274,303); generates high levels
of reactive oxygen species(ROS) and
oxidative stress, depletes glutathione and thiols causing increased
neurotoxicity from interactions of ROS, glutamate, and dopamine
(13,56,98,102, 145,169,170, 184,213,219,250,257,259,286,288,290,291,302,324,
326, 329,416,424, 442, 496,564,565); kills or inhibits
production of brain tubulin cells (66,67,161,166,
207,258,300); inhibits production of neurotransmitters
by inhibiting: calcium-dependent neurotransmitter
release(372,432),
dihydroteridine reductase (27,122,257,333), nitric
oxide synthase(259), blocking neurotransmitter amino acids
(412), causes abnormal migration of neurons in the cerebral
cortex(149), and effecting phenylalanine,
serotonin, tyrosine and tryptophan transport to neurons (34,122,126,257,
285,288,333,372,374,412/333) Part of the toxic effects of mercury, lead,
cadmium, etc. are through their replacing essential minerals such as zinc at
their sites in enzymes, disabling the necessary enzymatic
processes.
While
there have been large increases of most neurological and immune conditions
among adults over the last 2 decades(574), the incidence of neurotoxic
or immune reactive conditions in infants such as
autism, schizophrenia
,
ADD, dyslexia, learning disabilities
, etc. have been increasing
especially rapidly in recent years (2,409,441,476). A
report by the National Research Council found that 50% of all pregnancies in
the U.S. were resulting in prenatal or postnatal mortality, significant birth
defects, developmental neurological or immune conditions, or otherwise
chronically unhealthy babies(441). Exposure to toxic chemicals
or environmental factors appear to be a factor in as much as 28 percent of the
4 million children born each year(441,160), with 1 in 6 having one of the
neurological conditions previously listed. EPA estimates that over 3 million of
these are related to lead or mercury
toxicity (2,125,276,409), with approximately 25%
of U.S. infants receiving dangerous levels of mercury
exposure(276). A study found that prenatal Hg exposure is
correlated with lower scores in neurodevelopmental screening, but more so in
the linguistic pathway(32c). A study at the U.S. CDC found "statistically
significant associations" between
certain neurologic developmental disorders such as attention
deficit disorder r(ADD) and autism with exposure to mercury from thimerosal‑
containing vaccines before the age of 6 months(475,476), and a follow on study
using federal vaccine data bases confirmed that autism, speaking disorders, and
heart arrest have increased exponentially with increasing exposures to mercury
thimerosal-containing vaccines(476b). Thimerosal has also been found
to cause hormonal effects (555,413). Prenatal exposure to mercury has also
been found to predispose animals and infants to seizures and
epilepsy
(5,52,475). There
is evidence supporting a link between the aluminum hydroxide used in vaccines causing
brain inflammation and symptoms associated with Parkinson's, amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease), and Alzheimer's (585). Brain
inflammation has also been found to be a factor in autism.
A large epidemiological study,
NHANES III
, by
the National Institute for Health has found a significant correlation between
several chronic health conditions and having more than average number of dental
amalgam surfaces. The conditions in which the number of dental amalgam
surfaces were most highly correlated with disease incidence were MS,
epilepsy, migraines, mental disorders, diseases of the nervous system,
disorders of the thyroid gland, cancer, and infectious diseases
(543). Other conditions where incidence was significantly correlated
with having more than the average number of amalgam surfaces are: diseases of
the male and female genital tracts, Disorders of the peripheral nervous system,
Diseases of the respiratory system, and Diseases of the genitourinary system
(543).
There
has been a huge increase in the incidence of degenerative neurological
conditions in virtually all Western countries over the last 2 decades
(574,581). The increase in Alzheimer’s has been over 300% while the increase in
Parkinson’s and other motor neuron disease has been over
50%. The primary cause appears to be increased exposures to
toxic pollutants (574).
Oxidative
stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated as major factors
in neurological disorders including stroke, PD, MS,
Alzheimer’s, ALS, MND, FM, CFS, etc.
(13,35c,56,84,98,145,169,207b,258,424,442-444,453,462,496,581). Mercury induced
lipid peroxidation has been found to be a major factor in mercury’s
neurotoxicity, along with leading to decreased levels of glutathione
peroxidation and superoxide
dismustase(SOD)(13,254,489,494-496,577). Metalloprotein (MT) is
involved in metals transport and detoxification (442,464). Mercury inhibits
sulfur ligands in MT and in the case of intestinal cell membranes inactivates
MT that normally bind cuprous ions (477), thus allowing buildup of copper
to toxic levels in many and malfunction of the Zn/Cu SOD
function. Exposure to mercury results in changes in
metalloprotein compounds that have genetic effects, having both structural
and catalytic effects on gene expression
(114,241,296,297,442,464,477,495). Some of the processes affected by such
MT control of genes include cellular respiration, metabolism, enzymatic
processes, metal-specific homeostasis, and adrenal stress response systems.
Significant physiological changes occur when metal ion concentrations exceed
threshold levels. Such MT formation also appears to have a relation
to autoimmune reactions in significant numbers of people
(114,60,313,342,369,442,464). Of a population
of over 3000 tested by the immune lymphocyte reactivity test(MELISA,60,275),
22% tested positive for inorganic mercury and 8% for methyl mercury .
Programmed cell death(apoptosis)
is documented to be a major factor in degenerative neurological conditions like
ALS, Alzheimer’s, MS, Parkinson’s, etc. Some of the factors
documented to be involved in apoptosis of neurons and immune cells include
inducement of the inflammatory cytokine Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha(TNFa)
(126), reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress(13,43b,56a,296b), reduced
glutathione levels(56,126a,111a), inhibition of protein kinase C(43), nitric
oxide and peroxynitrite toxicity(43a), excitotoxicity (490,496,521,524), excess
free cysteine levels(56d,111a),excess glutamate toxicity(13b, 416e), excess
dopamine toxicity (56d,13a), beta-amyloid generation(462), increased calcium
influx toxicity (416e,296b,333,432,462c,507)and DNA fragmentation
(296,297) and mitochondrial membrane dysfunction (56d,416e,51a).
Mitochondrial DNA mutations or damage are
important contributors to aging and degenerative diseases
(297b,298), and mercury is common cause of mitochondrial DNA damage and
degeneration (296,297a,56d,416e,51a). Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PPQ), an
essential micronutrient many are deficient in, has been found to improve
such damage (299).
TNFa (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) is a
cytokine that controls a wide range of immune cell response in mammals,
including cell death(apoptosis). This process is involved in
inflammatory and degenerative neurological conditions like ALS, MS,
Parkinson’s, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. Cell signaling mechanisms
like sphingolipids are part of the control mechanism for the TNFa
apoptosis mechanism(126a). Glutathione is an amino acid that
is a normal cellular mechanism for controlling
apoptosis. When glutathione is depleted in the brain, reactive
oxidative species increased, and CNS and cell signaling mechanisms
are disrupted by toxic exposures such as mercury, neuronal cell apoptosis
results and neurological damage. Mercury has been shown to induce TNFa and
deplete glutathione, causing inflammatory effects and cellular apoptosis in
neuronal and immune cells(126b,126c).
Another neurological effect of mercury
that occurs at very low levels is inhibition of nerve growth factors, for which
deficiencies result in nerve degeneration. Mercury vapor is lipid
soluble and has an affinity for red blood cells and CNS cells(21a). Only
a few micrograms of mercury severely disturb cellular function
and inhibits nerve growth
(175,147,226,255,305,149). Prenatal or neonatal exposures have been
found to have lifelong effects on nerve function and susceptibility to toxic
effects. Prenatal mercury vapor exposure that results in levels of
only 4 parts per billion in newborn rat brains was found to cause decreases in
nerve growth factor and other effects (305).This is a level that is common
in the population with several amalgam fillings or other exposures
(500). Insulin-like-growth factor I (IGF-I) are positively correlated with
growth hormone levels and have been found to be the best easily measured marker
for levels of growth hormone, but males have been found more responsive to this
factor than women (497). IGF-I controls the survival of spinal motor
neurons affected in ALS during development as well as later
in life(497,498). IGF-I and insulin levels have been found to
be reduced in ALS patients with evidence this is a factor in ALS
(497,498). Several clinical trials have found IGF-I treatment is
effective at reducing the damage and slowing the progression
of ALS and Alzheimer’s with no medically important adverse effects
(498). It has also been found that in chronically ill patients the
levels of pituitary and thyroid hormones that control many bodily processes
are low, and that supplementing both thyrotropin-releasing hormone
and growth control hormone is more effective at increasing all of these hormone
levels in the patient.
Mercury
can cause
depression
and mood disorders through
increased neurological problems related to lowered levels of neurotransmitters
dopamine, serotonin, noreprenephrine, and acetylcholinesterase
(35,38,104,107,125,140,141,175,251,254,275,288,290,296,297,305,365,367,
372,381,432,451,465,412,581,582). In such cases mercury has been found to
accumulate in and affect the function of the brain limbic system(581). The
reduced neurotransmitter levels in those with amalgam appear to be a factor
encouraging smoking since nicotine increases these neurotransmitter levels and
a much higher percentage of those with amalgam smoke than in those
without amalgam(141).
Some
of the effect on depression is related to mercury’s effect of reducing the
level of posterior pituitary hormone(oxytocin). Low
levels of pituitary function are associated with depression and suicidal
thoughts and appear to be a major factor in suicide of teenagers and other
vulnerable groups. The pituitary glands of a group of dentists
had 800 times more mercury than controls (99). This may explain
why dentists have much higher levels of emotional problems, depression,
suicide,etc(Section VIII.). Amalgam fillings, nickel and gold crowns
are major factors in reducing pituitary function (35,50,369,
etc.). Supplementary oxytocin extract has been found to alleviate
many of these mood problems (35), along with replacement of metals in the
mouth (Section VI.). The normalization of pituitary function also
often normalizes menstrual cycle problems, endometriosis, and
increases fertility (35,9).
Animal
studies of developmental effects of mercury on the brain have found significant
effects at extremely low exposure levels, levels commonly seen in those with
amalgam fillings or in dental staff working with amalgam. One study
(305) found prenatal mercury vapor exposure decreased NGF concentration in
newborn rat’s forebrain at 4 parts per billion(ppb) tissue
concentration. Another study (175) found general toxicity
effects at 1 micromole(uM) levels in immature cell cultures, increased
immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary protein at 1 nanamole (0.2 ppb)
concentration, and microglial response at even lower levels. Other
animal studies on rodents and monkeys have found brain cellular migration
disturbances, behavioral changes, along with reduced learning and adaption
capacity after low levels of mercury vapor exposure
(149,175,210,264,287,305). The exposure levels in these studies are
seen in the fetus and newborn babies of mother’s with amalgam fillings or who
had work involving amalgam during pregnancy (61). Mercury vapor
has been found to primarily affect the central nervous system, while methyl
mercury primarily affects the peripheral nervous system(175c).
Long
term occupational exposure to low levels of mercury can induce slight cognitive
deficits, lability, fatigue, decreased stress tolerance, etc. Higher levels
have been found to cause more serious neurological problems
(119,128,160,285,457,etc.). Other studies(285bg,395) found that
workers exposed at high levels at least 20 years previous(urine peak levels
above 600 ug/L demonstrated significantly decreased strength, decreased
coordination, increased tremor, paresthesia, decreased sensation, polyneuropathy,
etc. Significant correlations between increasing urine mercury
concentrations and prolonged motor and sensory distal latencies
were established(285g). Elemental mercury can affect both motor and
sensory peripheral nerve conduction and the degree of involvement is related to
time‑integrated urine mercury concentrations. Thirty percent of
dentists with more than average exposure were found to have neuropathies and
visuographic dysfunction compared to none in the
control group(395d). Other studies have also found a connection
between mercury with peripheral neuropathy and paresthesia
(190,449,502,71bdef,395,581,582). Chronic mercury exposure has been
found to be a significant factor in many neurological conditions
including
Alzheimer’s, Dementia
,
Parkinson’s
,
MS
,
etc. Neurological problems are among the most common and serious problems
caused by mercury and include memory loss, moodiness,
depression
,
anger and sudden bursts of
anger/rage/violence
(290,465,480-483,487,534),
self-effacement, suicidal thoughts, lack of strength/force to resolve doubts or
resist obsessions or compulsions, etc. Many studies of patients with major
neurological diseases have found evidence amalgam fillings may play a major
role in development of conditions such as depression
(94,107,109,212,222,271,294,212,229, 233,285e,317,320,322,372,374,453,581,582),
schizophrenia (34,35,295,465,560), bipolar disorder (294), memory problems
(212,222,581,582), and other more serious neurological diseases such as
MS
,
ALS
,
Parkinson’s
,
and
Alzheimer’s
. A large U.S. CDC study found that
those with more amalgam fillings have significantly more chronic health
problems, especially neurological problems and cancer (543).
Some
factors that have been documented in depression are low serotonin levels,
abnormal glucose tolerance(hypoglycemia), and low folate levels(480-83),
which mercury has also been found to be a cause of. Occupational
exposure to mercury has been documented to cause depression
and anxiety(534). One mechanism by which mercury has been found
to be a factor in aggressiveness and violence is its documented inhibition of
the brain neurotransmitter acetylcholinesterase
(175,251c,305,451,465,254). Low serotonin levels and/or hypoglycemia
have also been found in the majority of those with impulsive and
violent behavior(481,482).
Numerous
studies have found long term chronic low doses of mercury cause neurological,
memory, behavior, sleep, hearing loss(566), and mood problems
(3,34,60,69,70,71,74,107-109,119,140,141,160,199,212,222, 246,255,257,
282,290,453,581,582). Neurological effects have been documented at very low
levels of exposure (urine Hg< 4 ug/L), levels commonly received by those
with amalgam fillings(290). One of the studies at
a German University(199) assessed 20,000 people. There is
also evidence that fetal or infant exposure causes delayed neurotoxicity
evidenced in serious effect at middle age(255,306). Organic tin compounds
formed from amalgam are even more neurotoxic than mercury
(222,262). Studies of
groups of patients with amalgam fillings found significantly more neurological,
memory, mood, and behavioral problems than the control
groups. (3,34,107,108,109,140,141,160,199,212,222,290,453,581,582).
Other studies(285c)
found that mercury at levels below the current occupational safety limit causes
adverse effects on memory at very low exposure levels. More studies
found that long term exposure causes increased micro nuclei in lymphocytes and
significantly increased IgE levels at exposures below current
safety levels(128), as well as maternal exposure being linked to mental
retardation(110). Very high levels of mercury are found in brain memory areas
such as the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of patients with diseases with
memory related symptoms (158,34,207,etc.} Mercury has been
found to cause memory loss by inactivating enzymes necessary for brain cell
energy production and proper assembly of the protein tubulin into microtubules(258). DMSO
has been found to have some capability to repair such damage(581).
III.
Treatment of Toxic Related Neurological Conditions
The mechanisms by which mercury causes
neurological conditions have been documented, but it has also been found that
people with such conditions commonly recover or have significant improvement
after amalgam replacement- from conditions including:
memory
disorders (8,35,94,212,222,322,440,453,552,557,581,582), schizophrenia and
bipolar disorder(294,295,465,560,581,34,35), depression
(62,94,107,163,185,212,222,229,233bcfh,271,294,285e,317,322,376,
386de,453,465,485,523,525c,532,538,551,556,557,581,582,35,40), insomnia
(35,62,94,212,222,233ag,271,317,322,376,525c,581,582),
anger(212,233,102,557,35,62), anxiety & mental confusion
(62,94,212,222,229,233abcfgh,271,317,322,440,453,525c,532,551,557, 581,35,57),
neuropathy/paresthesia (8,35,62,94,163,212,222,322,556,557,581,582),
MS(62,94,95,102,163,170,212,222,229,271,291,302,322,369,469,485,34,
35c,229,523,532,581), ALS(97,423,405,469,470,485,535,35), Parkinson’s/
muscle tremor (222,248,228a,229,233f, 271,322,469,535,557,581,582, 212,62,94,
98,35), Alzheimer’s(62,204,251c,386e,535,581,35),
headaches/migraines
(5,8,34,35,47f,62,95,185,212ab,222,229, 233abdefgh,271,317,322,349,
354,115,376,440,453, 523,525,532,537,538,
552,556,581,582,583), epilepsy (5,35,309,229,386e,557,581),
ataxia/balance problems (250c,581,582);
Lipoic acid has been found to have
protective effects against cerebral ischemic-reperfusion, excitotoxic
amino acid(glutamate) brain injury, mitochondrial dysfunction, diabetic
neuropathy (572,550). Other antioxidants such as carnosine (495a),
Coenzyme Q10, Vitamins C & E, ginkgo biloba, pycnogenol and selenium have
also been found protective against degenerative neurological conditions and
ginkgo biloba and 5-HTP for ADHD( 176,494,495e,444,237,550,20). Several
doctors have found thiamin(B3), Vit B6, inositol, and folic acid
supplementation to alleviate peripheral neuropathies, pain, tinnitus, and other
neurological conditions (502). Several studies have documented that
lipoic acid(an antioxidant and chelator) resulted in improvement in the
majority of diabetes cases it was used for, by improving glucose metabolism,
increasing insulin sensitivity, and reducing nerve damage(including in diabetic
neuropathy)(501e,550).Properly formulated nutritional treatments have been
found to be effective in treating ADHD
and depression(522). Hormonal imbalances such as from
taking birth control pills can be a factor in causing B vitamin deficiencies
such as B6 and Riboflavin which can be a factor in migraine
headaches. Supplementation has been found to be helpful in
such circumstances (20).
Effective Natural Treatments of ADHD
Saffron
improved ADHD symptoms as much as Ritalin
, and more beneficial to better
sleep.
6
Multiple studies show supplemental EPA/DHA from fish and algae
oils boost focus and attention in those with ADHD.3
Zinc
: Up to 30%
of ADHD kids have zinc deficiencies. Supplementing zinc reduces hyperactivity
and enhances social and behavioral function.
5
A study
found
vitamin C and EFA supplementation
significantly improved ADHD
outcomes.
7
Magnesium
aids
nervous system function. Combined with omega-3s in one study, magnesium leads
to significant ADHD symptom improvement.
9
Ginkgo Biloba
: Multiple studies show the botanical Ginkgo biloba enhances
attention an
d alleviates hyperactivity.
10
Pine Bark Extract
:
By reducing oxidative stress, pine bark extract improves focus, attention and
behavior in those with ADHD based on studies.
12
Chamomile
: Research
indicates the chamomile herb significantly improves inattention and
hyperactivity.
13
Iron
:
Up to 30% of ADHD
children have low iron stores, which are essential for dopamine activity. Iron
supplements effectively reduce symptoms.
8
One chelation expert (581) suggests
when chelating with DMPS supplementation with a good multivitamin/multimineral
plus Vit E(400 IU), selenium(200-400 ug), and Vit C(=>2 grams or Vit C IV)
(581). He also finds chlorella beneficial for most. He
has found that other factors that reduce detoxification include:
Low sodium, calcium, potassium, or
selenium levels
Low protein in diet or low stomach acid
Hormonal problems
Low serum cholesterol (carrier)
Low glutathione or other detox enzymes
Kidney problems or damage from mother’s
amalgams
Constipation or Leaky Gut
Electromagnetic influences(scars,
Geopathic Stress, EMF, RF waves)
For
information and treatment of factors involved in neurological conditions other
than toxic metals, see the treatment section of the individual condition review
paper of interest, linked above.
References:
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System, National Center for Environmental
Assessment, Cincinnati, Ohio,
http://www.epa.gov/ncea/iris.htm
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