Oral galvanism and Electromagnetic Fields (EMF): factors
along with mercury's high volatility and extreme toxicity in significant
exposure levels and oral effects from amalgam fillings. B.
Windham (Ed.)
Dental amalgam fillings
have been documented to be the largest
source of mercury in most people who have amalgam fillings, and those with
amalgams generally have much higher levels than those without amalgams. Having
dissimilar metals in the teeth (e.g.-amalgam, or gold and amalgam, or titanium
and amalgam, or stainless steel and amalgam) causes galvanic action, electrical
currents, and much higher mercury vapor levels and levels in oral tissues.
(1-11,30,51-53) The amount of mercury released into saliva has been found by
large studies to be about 1.5 to 1.9 micrograms per liter for each additional
amalgam filling (26). The amount of mercury released by a gold alloy bridge
over amalgam over a 10- year period was measured to be approx. 101
milligrams(mg) (60% of total) or 30 micrograms(ug)
per day (7), and other studies have found similar results (4). Average mercury
levels in gum tissue near amalgam fillings are about 200 ppm, and are the result of flow of mercury into the mucous
membrane because of galvanic currents with the mucous membrane serving as
cathode and amalgam metals as anode (1-4). Concentrations of mercury in
oral mucosa for a population of patients with 6 or more amalgam fillings taken
during oral surgery were 20 times the level of controls (14), and levels in
root tips of 41 ppm (5). Amalgam also releases significant amounts of
silver, tin, and copper which also have toxic effects, with organic tin
compounds formed in the body being even more neurotoxic than
inorganic mercury. Amalgam containing zinc produced higher galvanic currents (3b).
These exposures result in metals being carried throughout the body
and to the brain.
Studies have found that use
of titanium implants in those with mercury amalgams causes not only galvanism,
but also toxicity and sometimes yellow nail syndrome, which is a chronic immune
condition (51). These researchers concluded that titanium implants should
not be used in patients with dental amalgams. But in dental patients with
dental amalgams, the majority of the patients tested had metals reactivity to
nickel, gold, mercury, palladium, or titanium(52), and recovered or
significantly improved after amalgam and metals replacement with proper immune
support, from many types of chronic conditions. Studies
have also found that metals in the mouth act like antennas to allow EMF and wi-fi to cause
increased metals exposure and chronic health conditions (53, etc.).
Mercury from amalgam has been found to have synergistic effects with EMF and wi-fi and X-Rays.
Mercury and other metals
accumulate in the oral cavity in fibroblasts, macrophages, and multinuclear
giant cells of connective tissue, in blood vessel walls, along nerve
sheath fibres, in basement-membranes of mucosal
epithelium, striated muscle fibres, along
collagen bundles and elastic tissue, in acini of salivary glands, and
in tooth roots and jaw bones(5,11). Such mercury
including that in the commonly formed amalgam tattoos moves to other parts of
the body over time in significant amounts and more rapidly than the other
metals. Macrophages remove mercury by phagocytosis and the mercury
moves to other parts of the body through the blood and along nerves (5).
Most dentists are not aware of the main source of amalgam tattoos, oral
galvanism, where electric currents caused by mixed metals in the mouth take the
metals into the gums and oral mucosa, accumulating at the base of teeth with
large fillings or metal crowns over amalgam base (1-5). Such
metals are documented to cause local and systemic lesions and health effects,
which usually recover after removal of the amalgam tattoo by surgery (5fghi). The
high levels of accumulated mercury also are dispersed to other parts of the
body.
Amalgam fillings produce electrical currents which increase mercury
vapor release and may have other harmful effects (1-14,38). These currents
are measured in micro amps, with some measured at over 5 micro amps. A clinic
with considerable experience dealing with problems of oral galvanism found that
currents over 5 microamps usually cause significant health problems
such as headaches, migraines, dizzyness, nausea,etc.
which was eliminated when amalgam fillings were
replaced.. The central nervous system operates on
signals in the range of nano-amps, which is 1000 times less than a
micro amp (38). The metals also have electrical potentials
which can be measured in millivolts(mV). One clinical study
determined that electrical potential differences of over 50 mV were
pathological(9b), causing galvanism, leukoplakia, oral
lichen planus, or toxic or allergic reactions to
restorations(9a,1-8). In most subjects with amalgam fillings, potential differences
of more than 50 mV are present between restorations(9a), with potentials
ranging from -417 mV to +150 mV. Negative potentials may be more pathological
than positive ones. The average potential for metal crowns and
bridges was 154 mV and for brace brackets was 71 mV(9a).
Negatively charged fillings or crowns push
electrons into the oral cavity since saliva is a good electrolyte and cause
higher mercury vapor losses(11,1-6). Patients
with autoimmune conditions like MS, or epilepsy, depression, etc. are often
found to have a lot of high negative current fillings(11).
The Huggins total dental revision(TDR) protocol
calls for teeth with the highest negative charge to be replaced first(11).
Other protocols for amalgam removal are available from international dental
associations like IAOMT(45) and mercury poisoned
patients organizations like DAMS(46). For these reasons it is important that no
new gold dental work be placed in the mouth until at least 6 months after
replacement.
Some studies have also found persons with chronic exposure to
electromagnetic fields(EMF), microwaves, or MRIs
to have higher levels of mercury exposure and excretion(33c,38,48). The post
MRI saliva mercury levels for a sample of patients was on average 31% higher
after MRI than before(48). Such fields
are known to induce current in metals and would increase the effects of
galvanism. EMF is also documented in animal and human studies to cause cellular
calcium efflux and affect calcium homeostasis (39,40), which may be a factor in
the reduction of melatonin levels caused by EMF exposure in animal and human studies(40,41). In studies on chicks this had significant
adverse effects on viability of embryos and chicks. Melatonin is known to be
protective against mercury and free radical activity, as well as regulating the
circadian rhythm cycle and sleep cycle. EMF exposure lowers melatonin
production and disrupts the sleep cycle(41). Since
mercury is known to have some of these same effects and EMF exposure increases
mercury exposure in those with amalgam, it is not clear in humans the relative
role of the causality mechanisms. Occupational exposure to higher levels of EMF
have also been found in many studies to result in much higher risk of chronic
degenerative neurological conditions such as ALS(42),
Alzheimer's Disease (43,33c), as well as Leukemia and
Cancer(44,47,33c). Pooled analysis of 3,247 cases of childhood leukemia in
Europe, North America and New Zealand published last year found increased rate
of leukemia in those with high EMF exposures, over 4 microgauss(47a). Studies
in UK found that one in 200 British children are exposed to high levels of electromagnetic
radiation in the home and that this could be doubling their risk of leukaemia (47). Since EMF causes increased
mercury exposure in those with amalgam, and mercury is also known to cause
these conditions, again it is not clear the relative importance of the factors
since the studies were not controlled for mercury levels or number of amalgam
fillings.
Studies have shown that mercury in the gums such as from root caps
for root canaled teeth or "amalgam tattoos" result in
chronic inflammation, in addition to migration to other parts of the body(5,10,15). Mercury, tin, and silver from amalgam
fillings can be seen in the tissues as amalgam "tattoos", which have
been found to accumulate in the oral mucosa as granules along collagen bundles,
blood vessels, nerve sheaths, elastic fibers, membranes, striated muscle
fibers, and acini of minor salivary glands(5,10).
Dark granules are also present intracellularly within macrophasges, multinucleated giant cells, endothelial
cells, and fibroblasts. There is in most cases chronic inflammatory response
or macrophagic reaction the the metals(5,30), usually in the form of a foreign
body granuloma with multinucleated giant cells of the foreign body
and Langhans types. Mercury levels are often
over 1000 ppm near a gold cap on an amalgam filling due to higher
currents when gold is in contact with amalgam (8,9c,11,12,13). Similar levels
as high as 5000 ppm have been found by German oral surgeons in jaw
bone under large fillings or gold crowns(37).
These levels are among the highest levels ever measured in tissues of living
organisms, exceeding the highest levels found in chronically exposed chloralkali workers, those who died in Minamata,
or animals that died from mercury poisoning(29).
The FDA Action Level for mercury in fish or food is 1 ppm. Warnings are
given at 0.5 ppm, and the EPA health criterion level is
0.3 ppm. Some of the oral effects of mercury that have been
documented include gingivitis, oral lesions, pain and discomfort, burning mouth,
"metal mouth", chronic inflammatory response, leukoplakia,
lichen planus, autoimmune response, oral cancer, trigeminal neuralgia,
allergic reactions, etc.(4,5,9a,11,15,19,22,23,25,26,30-35)
The component mix in amalgams has also been found to be an important
factor in mercury vapor emissions. The level of mercury and copper released
from high copper amalgam is as much as 50 times that of low copper amalgams(16). Studies have consistently found modern high
copper non gamma-two amalgams have greater release of
mercury vapor than conventional silver amalgams (17-21). While the non gamma-two amalgams were developed to be less corrosive
and less prone to marginal fractures than conventional silver amalgams, they
have been found to be unstable in a different mechanism when subjected to
wear/polishing/ chewing/ brushing: they form droplets of mercury on the surface
of the amalgams(3,23,24). This has been found to be a
factor in the much higher release of mercury vapor by the modern non gamma-two amalgams. Recent studies have concluded that
because of the high mercury release levels of modern amalgams, mercury levels
higher than Government health guidelines are being transferred to the lungs,
blood, brain, CNS, kidneys, liver, etc. of large numbers of people with amalgam
fillings and widespread neurological, immune system, and endocrine system
effects are occurring (25,26,27,28).
Dental amalgam
fillings have been documented by medical lab tests and Government agencies to
be the largest source of mercury in most
people who have amalgam fillings (49). Amalgam fillings are
often also the largest source of organic mercury in people who have amalgam
fillings, since bacteria in the mouth and intestines converts other forms of
mercury to methyl mercury(31c,49). A 2009 study found that inorganic
mercury levels in people have been increasing rapidly in
recent years(50b). It used data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention’s National Health Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) finding
that while inorganic mercury was detected in the blood of 2 percent of women
aged 18 to 49 in the 1999-2000 NHANES survey, that level rose to 30
percent of women by 2005-2006. Surveys in all states using hair tests have
found dangerous levels of mercury in an average of 22 % of the population, with
over 30% in some states like Florida and New York(50c).
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