Environ Res. 2011 Nov;111(8):1249-57. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2011.08.011. Epub 2011 Sep 9.

Association of low-level blood lead and blood pressure in NHANES 1999-2006.

In addition, blood cadmium was significantly associated with hypertension and systolic and diastolic blood.

Sci Total Environ. 2018 Jun 21;643:270-276. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.105. [Epub ahead of print]

Cadmium affects blood pressure and negatively interacts with obesity: Findings from NHANES 1999-2014.

A twofold increase in BCd was associated with 0.54 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.49, 0.58) and 0.05 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.04, 0.06) increases in the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure(DBP), respectively, in black women. The SBP and DBP increased by 0.92 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.73, 1.11) and 0.85 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.65, 1.05), respectively, in Mexican-Am women. Significant associations were found between BCd and hypertension in them (systolic risk per twofold BCd, OR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.61; and diastolic risk per twofold BCd, OR = 1.55; 95% CI: 1.17, 2.05). UCd was significantly associated with hypertension in all individuals (OR = 1.14 per twofold; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.21).

). Our findings provided evidence for the effect of cadmium on blood pressure and the prevalence of hypertension in American adults

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J Hum Hypertens. 2015 May;29(5):309-15. doi: 10.1038/jhh.2014.87. Epub 2014 Oct 2.

Assessment of toxic elements in the samples of different cigarettes and their effect on the essential elemental status in the biological samples of Irish hypertensive consumers.

Afridi HI¹, Talpur FN¹, Kazi TG², Brabazon D³.

The results of this study showed that the mean values of Cd and Hg were significantly higher in scalp hair and blood samples of hypertensive patients as compared with healthy controls, whereas Zn and Se concentrations were found to be lower in hypertensive patients, the difference was significant in the case of smoker patients (P < 0.001). The levels of both Hg & Cd were 2-3-folds higher in scalp hair and blood samples of nonhypertensive smoker subjects as compared with nonsmoker controls. It was observed that exposure of TEs via cigarette smoking may be synergistic with other risk factors associated with HT.

Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2018 May 26;353:15-22. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.05.032. [Epub ahead of print]

The modifying effect of kidney function on the association of cadmium exposure with blood pressure and cardiovascular mortality: NHANES 1999-2010.

Gao Y¹, Zhu X², Shrubsole MJ², Fan L³, Xia Z⁴, Harris RC⁵, Hou L⁶, Dai Q⁷.

Both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were positively associated with blood Cd. DBP was positively related to urinary Cd whereas SBP was inversely associated with urinary Cd

SBP significantly positively associated with urinary Cd among those with moderately or severely decreased renal function (p for trend, 0.0004). Renal function appeared to be a modifying factor of the association between urinary Cd and mortality. CVD mortality risks (p for trend, 0.04) were significantly increased with increasing urinary Cd with hazard ratios (HRs) (95% CIs) of 2.18 (0.68-7.01) for the highest quartile of urinary Cd compared to the lowest. The association between urinary Cd and CVD mortality became stronger in the stratified analyses by renal function and these associations became more consistent in those who never smoked.

CONCLUSIONS: The strength of the association between urinary Cd and CVD mortality may be underestimated without considering renal function.

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J Am Soc Hypertens. 2018 Jun;12(6):426-437.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.jash.2018.03.002. Epub 2018 Mar 10.

Cadmium body burden, hypertension, and changes in blood pressure over time: results from a prospective cohort study in American Indians.

Oliver-Williams C¹, Howard AG², Navas-Acien A³, Howard BV⁴, Tellez-Plaza M⁵, Franceschini N².

Higher levels of urinary cadmium at baseline were associated with faster rates of increase in diastolic and systolic blood pressure (P [trend] = .001 and .02, respectively). The estimated change in diastolic and systolic blood pressures per year was 0.18 mm Hg (0.05-0.31) and 0.62 mm Hg (0.37-0.87) in the upper quintile of cadmium level compared with -0.11 mm Hg (-0.24 to 0.02) and 0.21 mm Hg (-0.04 to 0.46) in the lowest, respectively. A one-unit increase in log-transformed urinary cadmium was associated with 10% greater hypertension risk (95% confidence interval: 1.01-1.20).

In conclusion, blood pressure of individuals with greater baseline levels of urinary cadmium increased at a faster rate relative to those with lower levels.

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Ann Occup Environ Med. 2017 Oct 4;29:47. doi: 10.1186/s40557-017-0202-z. eCollection 2017.

The association between cadmium and lead exposure and blood pressure among workers of a smelting industry: a cross-sectional study.

An HC¹, Sung JH², Lee J¹, Sim CS¹, Kim SH¹, Kim Y¹.

This study shows the association between blood cadmium level and systolic blood pressure(SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) elevation.�� (lead-not signif)

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Environ Res. 2017 May;155:64-72. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.01.040. Epub 2017 Feb 10.

Associations between cadmium levels in blood and urine, blood pressure and hypertension among Canadian adults.

Garner RE¹, Levallois P².

This study provides evidence of a significant association between cadmium levels, blood pressure and hypertension. However, the significance and direction of this association differs by sex, smoking status, and body mass index category.

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PLoS One. 2016 Oct 21;11(10):e0164983. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164983. eCollection 2016.

Three Toxic Heavy Metals in Open-Angle Glaucoma with Low-Teen and High-Teen Intraocular Pressure: A Cross-Sectional Study from South Korea.

Lee SH^1,2, Kang EM¹, Kim GA¹, Kwak SW³, Kim JM⁴, Bae HW¹, Seong GJ¹, Kim CY¹.

The results of this study suggest that cadmium toxicity could play a role in glaucoma pathogenesis, particularly in men and in OAG with low-teen baseline IOP.

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J Hum Hypertens. 2017 Mar;31(3):225-230. doi: 10.1038/jhh.2016.67. Epub 2016 Sep 15.

Cadmium body burden and increased blood pressure in middle-aged American Indians: the Strong Heart Study.

Franceschini N¹, Fry RC², Balakrishnan P³, Navas-Acien A³, Oliver-Williams C⁴, Howard AG⁵, Cole SA⁶, Haack K⁶, Lange EM⁷, Howard BV^8,9, Best LG¹⁰, Francesconi KA¹¹, Goessler W¹¹, Umans JG^8,9, Tellez-Plaza M^3,12.

Urinary cadmium was correlated with smoking pack-year among ever-smokers (r²=0.16, P<0.0001).

These findings suggest that there is a relationship between Cd body burden and increased blood pressure in American Indians, a population with increased cardiovascular disease risk.

Sci Rep. 2016 Jul 14;6:29989. doi: 10.1038/srep29989.

Environmental Exposure to Cadmium: Health Risk Assessment and its Associations with Hypertension and Impaired Kidney Function.

Wu H¹, Liao Q², Chillrud SN³, Yang Q³, Huang L¹, Bi J¹, Yan B³.

For non-smokers, incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and hazard quotient (HQ) are 1.74E-04 and 2.96, and for smokers, they are 1.07E-03 and 52.5, respectively. Among all exposure pathways, smoking and foods cause the major increases in ILCR and HQ. UCd is significantly associated with hypertension (odds ratio (OR) = 1.468; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.104, 1.953; P = 0.008) and impaired kidney function (OR = 1.902, 95% CI: 1.054, 3.432; P = 0.033). The results demonstrate that Cd can potentially lead to adverse health effects.

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Biol Trace Elem Res. 2016 Nov;174(1):40-51. Epub 2016 Apr 18.

Association of Blood Pressure with Exposure to Lead and Cadmium: Analysis of Data from the 2008-2013 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Lee BK^1,2, Ahn J³, Kim NS⁴, Lee CB⁵, Park J⁶, Kim Y⁷.

The combination of blood lead and cadmium was more strongly associated with elevated blood pressure than exposure to each individual metal. In females, there was a stronger relationship between blood pressure and blood levels of these metals by analyzing interaction model. After adjustment for confounding factors, there were significant associations of blood pressure with the level of blood lead, cadmium, and their combination in adults from South Korea.

Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2013 Jun;26(3):440-56. doi: 10.2478/s13382-013-0111-5. Epub 2013 Jul 15.

Cadmium and hypertension in exposed workers: A meta-analysis.

Caciari T¹, Sancini A, Fioravanti M, Capozzella A, Casale T, Montuori L, Fiaschetti M, Schifano MP, Andreozzi G, Nardone N, Tomei G, Ciarrocca M, Rosati MV, Tomei F.

CONCLUSIONS:

Cadmium in occupationally-exposed individuals appears to induce an increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and an increase in the prevalence of hypertension.

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Ann Ig. 2012 Sep-Oct;24(5):417-28.

Cadmium blood/urine levels and blood pressure in workers occupationally exposed to urban stressor.

Caciari T¹, Sancini A, Tomei F, Antetomaso L, Tomei G, Scala B, Sinibaldi F, Di Pastena C, Andreozzi G, Nardone N, Schifano MP, Corbosiero P, Capozzella A, De Sio S, Ciarrocca M.

The Pearson correlation showed a positive association between urinary cadmium levels and blood pressure especially for groups of women and non-smokers. The simple and multiple linear regression and t-tests confirmed these associations and underlined the influence cadmium has on diastolic blood pressure, higher than systolic blood pressure.

there is a statistically significant association between urinary cadmium and diastolic blood pressure, supporting the hypothesis that cadmium has a long-term effect on diastolic blood pressure (BP).

Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Dec;118(12):1676-84. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1002077. Epub 2010 Aug 17.

Blood and urine cadmium, blood pressure, and hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Gallagher CM¹, Meliker JR.

In men occupationally exposed to heavy metals there is a tendency to higher levels of BP. Higher blood concentrations of lead and cadmium were found to be the independent risk factors for the incidence of arterial hypertension in subjects chronically exposed to heavy metals.

Med Pr. 2010;61(1):5-14.

[Relationship between chronic exposure to lead, cadmium and manganese, blood pressure values and incidence of arterial hypertension].

[Article in Polish]

Poreba R¹, Gac P, Poreba M, Derkacz A, Pilecki W, Antonowicz-Juchniewicz J, Andrzejak R.

Tohoku J Exp Med. 2017 Jan;241(1):65-87. doi: 10.1620/tjem.241.65.

Kidney Cadmium Toxicity, Diabetes and High Blood Pressure: The Perfect Storm.

Satarug S¹, Vesey DA, Gobe GC.

Dietary Cd intake of 10-30 �g/day has been linked with reduced tubular reabsorption, chronic kidney disease, hypertension, coronary arterial and peripheral arterial diseases, macular degeneration, obesity-independent diabetes, and cancer. The links between diabetes, hypertension and end stage kidney disease (ESKD) are indisputable